Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(5):711-720 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.086
Identification of Internal Defects in Forged Shafts by Measurement of Residual Stresses Using X-Ray Method
- 1 Department in Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Poland
- 2 Institute of Mechanical Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
- 3 Department of Metal Forming, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
The present paper discusses important aspects of residual stress measurements in forged shafts with defects using the X-ray method. A random population of shafts was selected for the study, for which, depending on the type of rolling process, turning was performed, measuring stress changes after successive machining passes. In the forged shafts studied, the existence and location of internal defects were identified using computed tomography. The impact of internal defects on the stress distribution on the surface of the machined workpiece was observed. It was observed that the use of the X-ray method to measure residual stresses makes it possible to determine the state of stresses and their distribution, which is crucial for the safety and durability of shaft-type parts, and allows the impact of a defect on the distribution of residual stresses to be identified. On the basis of the results obtained, it was observed that there is a correlation between the occurrence of internal defects in forged shafts and the distribution of residual stresses in characteristic sections along the length of the shaft after machining
Keywords: Residual stresses, Forged shafts, Material defects, X-ray method, Cross hatch rolling
Grants and funding:
This work was prepared within the project PM/SP/0064/2021/1 titled ‘Intelligent measurement techniques in the diagnosis and forecasting of shaft cracks and their dimensional and shape accuracy, financed by the Ministry of Education and Science (Poland) as a part of the Polish Metrology Programme
Received: June 27, 2024; Revised: October 21, 2024; Accepted: October 24, 2024; Prepublished online: November 26, 2024; Published: November 28, 2024 Show citation
ACS | AIP | APA | ASA | Harvard | Chicago | IEEE | ISO690 | MLA | NLM | Turabian | Vancouver |
References
- SINGH A., AGRAWAL A. (2015). Investigation of surface residual stress distribution in deformation machining process for aluminum alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 225, No. 4, pp. 195-202.
Go to original source...
- JU K., DUAN C., SUN Y., SHI J., KONG J., AKBARZADEH A. (2022). Prediction of machining deformation induced by turning residual stress in thin circular parts using ritz method. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Vol. 307, 117664.
Go to original source...
- HAŁAS W. (2010). Badanie wpływu naprężeń szcz±tkowych na dokładno¶ć wytwarzania wałów. Rozprawa doktorska, 1-141. URL: https://bc.pollub.pl/Content/660/PDF/d248.pdf
- EL-HASSAR F.Y., EL AJRAMI M., MILOUKI H., MEGUENI A. (2017). Effect Of Machining Parameters On Residual Stresses Distribution. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 196-201.
- MASOUDI S., AMINI S., SAEIDI E., et al. (2015). Effect of machining-induced residual stress on the distortion of thin-walled parts. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 76, pp. 597-608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6281-x
Go to original source...
- ZIENKIEWICZ O.C., BATHE K.J. (2005). Forming, during which various structural defects, e.g. collapses, can be generated that are difficult to detect.
- HAŁAS W. (2010). Badanie wpływu naprężeń szcz±tkowych na dokładno¶ć wytwarzania wałów. Rozprawa doktorska, 1-141. URL: https://bc.pollub.pl/Content/660/PDF/d248.pdf
- EL-HASSAR F.Y., EL AJRAMI M., MILOUKI H., MEGUENI A. (2017). Effect Of Machining Parameters On Residual Stresses Distribution. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 196-201.
- YOUNG K., NERVI S., SZABO B. (2005). Machining-Induced Residual Stress and Distortion. SAE Technical Paper, 2005-01-3317. https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3317
Go to original source...
- YUE C., GAO H., LIU X., LIANG S.Y. (2018). Part Functionality Alterations Induced by Chang-es of Surface Integrity in Metal Milling Process: A Review. Applied Sciences, Vol. 8, 2550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122550
Go to original source...
- FELHŐ, C., SZTANKOVICS, I., MAROS, Z., KUN-BODNÁR, K. (2023). FEM Simulation of the Flange Turning in the Production of Aluminium Aerosol Cans, pp. 810 - 818. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 23, No. 6. DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.104.
Go to original source...
- ZIENKIEWICZ O.C., BATHE K.J. (2005). Forming, during which various structural defects, e.g. collapses, can be generated that are difficult to detect.
- KOWALSKI P., ZIELIŃSKI R., NOWAK K. (2018). Zastosowanie rentgenografii w analizie naprężeń w elementach maszynowych. Engineering Materials, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 212-219.
- WOZNIAK A., ZIELINSKI R. (2013). Metrological challenges in modern manufacturing processes. Measurement, Vol. 46, No. 9, pp. 3653-3662.
- DE CHIFFRE L., CARMIGNATO S., KRUTH J.P., SCHMITT R., WECKENMANN A. (2014). Industrial applications of computed tomography. CIRP Annals, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 655-677.
Go to original source...
- SCHAJER G.S. (Ed.). (2013). Practical Residual Stress Measurement Methods. John Wiley & Sons.
Go to original source...
- SMITH D.J. (2001). Residual stress measurement techniques. Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 355-365.
Go to original source...
- FITZPATRICK M.E., LODINI A. (Eds.). (2003). Analysis of Residual Stress by Diffraction Using Neutron and Synchrotron Radiation. CRC Press.
Go to original source...
- WITHERS P.J. (2007). Residual stress and its role in failure. Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 70, No. 12, pp. 2211-2264.
Go to original source...
- NOWAK J., KOWALSKI M., WI¦NIEWSKI A. (2020). Rentgenowskie metody analizy naprężeń własnych w wałach kutych. Journal of Material Science, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 1123-1135.
- KOWALSKI P., ZIELIŃSKI R., NOWAK K. (2018). Zastosowanie rentgenografii w analizie naprężeń w elementach maszynowych. Engineering Materials, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 212-219.
- MELLER, A., SUSZYŃSKI, M., LEGUTKO, S., TRˇCZYŃSKI, M., CERNOHLAVEK, V. (2023). Studies on a Robotised Process for Forging Steel Synchronizer Rings in the Context of Forging Tool Life, pp. 88 - 98. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 23, No. 1. DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.002.
Go to original source...
- DE CHIFFRE L., CARMIGNATO S., KRUTH J.P., SCHMITT R., WECKENMANN A. (2014). Industrial applications of computed tomography. CIRP Annals, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 655-677.
Go to original source...
- PHILLIPS S.D., ESTLER W.T. (2011). A metrology system for production geometry assurance. Precision Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 48-58.
- HAŁAS W. (2010). Badanie wpływu naprężeń szcz±tkowych na dokładno¶ć wytwarzania wałów. Rozprawa doktorska, 1-141. URL: https://bc.pollub.pl/Content/660/PDF/d248.pdf
- KOZOVÝ, P., ©AJGALÍK, M., DRBÚL, M., HOLUBJÁK, J., MARKOVIČ, J., JOCH, R., BAL©IANKA, R. (2023). Identification of Residual Stresses after Machining a Gearwheel Made by Sintering Metal Powder, pp. 468 - 474. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 23, No. 4. DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.054.
Go to original source...
- TIMÁROVÁ, Ą., KRBA«A, M., KOHUTIAR, M., ESCHEROVÁ, J., JUS, M. (2024). Experimental Study of Tool Life Depending on Cutting Speed for 100CrMn6 Materials & Statistical Processing Using Linear Regression Analysis, pp. 448 - 457. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 24, No. 3. DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.044.
Go to original source...
- MARDONOV, U., KHASANOV, S., JELTUKHIN, A., OZODOVA, S. (2023). Influence of Using Cutting Fluid under the Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Chip Formation in Metal Cutting with HSS Tools (turning operation), pp. 73 - 80. Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 23, No. 1. DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.006.
Go to original source...
- SZYMAŃSKI W. (2018). Measurement of residual stresses in railway axes using the X-ray method according to PN-EN 13261 + A1 2011. Proceedings of 47th National Conference on Nondestructive Testing (KKBN), Kołobrzeg, Poland. DOI: 10.26357/BNiD.2018.035
Go to original source...
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.