Manufacturing Technology Journal, 2024 (vol. 24), issue 1
Influence of the Orientation of Parts Produced by Additive Manufacturing on Mechanical Properties
Vladimír Bechný, Miroslav Matuš, Richard Joch, Mário Drbúl, Andrej Czán, Michal Šajgalík, František Nový
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):2-8 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.021 
Binderjetting technology works on the principle of line injection moulding, using metal powder and liquid binder as input material, which is uniformly applied by print heads to the previous layer using a nozzle. By successively applying each layer, the desired shape of the designed component is obtained. The technology offers a large number of advantages which include the possibility of using any printing powder that may contain functional graded materials. Furthermore, it is a green manufacturing technology where we can reuse unused metal powder in the next printing cycle after following the prescribed process. As a result, we characterize this technology...
Effect of Laser Shock Peening on the Microstructure of P265GH Steel and X6CrNiTi18-10 Stainless Steel Dissimilar Welds
David Bricín, Zbyněk Špirit, Hynek Gilík, Jan Kaufman
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):9-14 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.020
The aim of this study was to verify the laser shock peening (LSP) on the microstructure of P265GH steel and X6CrNiTi18-10 stainless steel. The LSP surface treatment was done underwater on the dis-similar weld joint of the P265GH and X6CrNiTi18-10 tubes. The metallographic analysis then focuses on the evaluation of microstructure in heat-affected zones of both materials. The results of our analysis are possibly summarised as follows. Light and scanning electron microscopy have shown grain refinement in the treated surface of the HAZ region of X6CrNiTi18-10 steel. For P265GH steel, it was possible to find a remelted surface layer with a thickness of...
Analysis of the Basic Characteristics of the Working Accuracy of the Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing ADAM Process by Comparison with the Selective Laser Melting SLM Process
Andrej Czan, Tatiana Czanova, Jozef Holubjak, Martin Novak, Natalia Czanova, Andrej Czan, Dominik Krisak
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):15-27 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.015
Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) is a progressive layering process based on metallic materials with a plastic binder designed to extruse the material. The ADAM process can be classified as an indirect additive manufacturing process in which a solid fiber of metal powder enclosed in a plastic binder is applied. After creating a 3D object by the ADAM process, the excess plastic binder is removed in the cleaning chamber and vacuum sintering of the 3D object is performed. This work aims to provide a preliminary characterization of the ADAM process and compare the achieved results with the application most implemented so far in additive manufacturing...
Motion Planning and Simulation of Multifunctional Over-the-tube Pipe Climbing Robot
Li Dong, Tongchao Xing, Yi Zheng
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):28-39 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.005
Due to the complexity of the current industrial pipeline layout, in order to improve the efficiency of pipeline inspection and maintenance, a multi-functional obstacle-surmounting pipe-crawling robot was designed to address the issues of varying pipe diameters and positions. The movement pattern of the crawling robot was studied, the variation of the clamping force of the clamping mechanism during the climbing process was analyzed, and the mapping relationship between various parameters was obtained as the basis for later kinematic simulation. The design of inverted V, positive V and other drive combinations and the planning of multi-functional obstacle-surmounting...
Effect of Change in Current Density on Hydrogen Embrittlement of Advanced High-Strength Steel S960MC during Hydrogenation
Petra Drímalová, František Nový, Milan Uhričík, Petra Váňová, Lukáš Šikyňa, Veronika Chvalníková, Martin Slezák
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):40-46 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.010
Hydrogen embrittlement involves the interaction between hydrogen and the microstructure of metals, which can lead to an alarming loss of mechanical properties. For advanced high-strength (AHS) steel S960MC grade, which finds application in fields ranging from heavy machinery to construction, understanding this phenomenon is important. The material's complex crystalline lattice, carefully engineered to maximize strength, becomes vulnerable in the presence of hydrogen. The sources of hydrogen that can lead to embrittlement of steel are various. From the exposure of steel to hydrogen during production processes to the absorption of hydrogen from the environment....
The Effect of Laser Welding Parameters on Aluminium PV Construction Rack Systems
Pavel Houška, Klára Caisová, Vladislav Síťař, Štefan Michna, Tomáš Alfonso
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):47-52 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.019
Rising energy demands together with environmental concerns have spurred increased focus on renewable energetics, leading to the widespread installation of photovoltaic power plants worldwide. Due to the unique solar dispersion angle over the world, different racking systems are also the subject of keen interest in mechanical support equipment. Different constructions require welded joints of construction parts with massive strain while exposed to weather conditions. Therefore mechanical properties of the joints of these systems are also being studied. This research is focused on the mechanical properties (such as microstructure and microhardness) of...
Research on FSW Welds of Al-Alloy Modified by Laser Shock Peening Process
Henrieta Chochlíková, Jozef Majerík, Igor Barényi, Matúš Gavalec, Jana Escherová, Milan Pecanac, Dragan Rajnovic, Sebastian Baloš, Marcel Kohutiar
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):53-61 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.018
The friction stir welding (FSW) method is classified as a so-called green or eco-friendly production technology in terms of its environmental impact. In the process of friction stir welding, there is no melting and the weld joint is formed by the movement of a rotating tool between the materials to be welded. The advantage of this technology is welding without the accompanying phenomena such as the release of harmful substances into the air, the emission of infrared, ultraviolet and visible radia-tion, and low energy consumption. In this work, friction stir welding tests of FSW and SR-FSW type were carried out, the butt welds themselves were performed...
Dilatometric Effects Accompanying Phase Transformations during Tempering of Spring Steels
Jakub Kotous, Zbyšek Nový, Petr Motyčka, Pavel Salvetr
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):62-72 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.009
The tempering procedure of quenched 54SiCr6 spring steel was analyzed using continuous heating dilatometry, isothermal dilatometry, metallography, and hardness measurement. The dilatometry was performed on four different steel modifications with graduated Si content and with two levels of Cu. Metallography and hardness measurement were analyzed only on samples with one Si level. Two types of tempering procedures were compared in this experimental program. The first one was sim-ple one-step tempering, the other was a special procedure of strain assisted tempering (SAT), which includes double tempering and strain applications between tempering. A dilatometry...
Parameter Optimization Study of Ultra-High Speed Cutting by DOE Method
Dongya Li, Yichen Jiang, Shuang Wang, Yifan Wu
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):73-82 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.004
With the increasing demand for high-quality flange, there is a greater need for high-quality and high-speed machining technology. Aiming at the difficulty of surface roughness in meeting design requirements and poor machining stability of 7075 aluminum alloy, the classical Design of Experiments (DOE) method is employed to optimize the machining parameters and identify eight pertinent factors. By selecting the feed rate and cutting speed as the two significant factors, a mathematical model of roughness is derived, and the theoretically optimal machining parameters are determined. According to corresponding experimental results, the roughness, the parallelism...
The Microscopic Study of the Evolution of the Phase Transformation in the Tin after the Indentation of an Inoculator
Alena Michalcová, Šárka Msallamová, Dominika Fink, Jiří Kubásek, Martin Friák
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):83-86 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.007
This paper describes β-Sn to α-Sn transformation in its initial phase. This process is also known as a tin pest and currently it causes problems mainly in the field of soldering materials. To avoid misrepresenta-tion of the results of artificial ageing of the samples; we have decided to use historical materials for our study. A sample from historical organ pipes was indented by naturally formed α-Sn polycrystalline parti-cles by the load of 1 kg. The sample in the initial state was observed by SEM and analysed by EBSD mapping. The position of inoculator particles was documented again by SEM observation. Subseqently, the sample was freezed...
Production of Non-Compact, Lightweight Zinc-Tin Alloy Materials for Possible Storage of Liquid Hydrogen
Iva Nová, Milan Jelínek, Pavel Solfronk, David Koreček, Jiří Sobotka
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):87-97 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.013
Unfortunately, in connection with the application of the Actavia anti-plagiarism system, we cannot accurately describe our paper, which deals with the production of non-compact materials based on zinc and tin alloys, which have a higher density than aluminium (ρ = 2700 kg.m-3 ) and its alloys, such as zinc alloys (ρ = 6980 kg.m-3 ) or tin (ρ = 7580 kg.m-3 ). Test samples were prepared from these materials, which were characterized by material non-compactness based on the use of NaCl particles. For this purpose, two different size groups of NaCl particles (3 to 5 mm and 5 to 7 mm) were used. In the production...
Investigating the Pressure Distribution on Uneven Surfaces Using an Educational Robot for Development of Ergonomic School Furniture
Daniel Novák, Viktor Novák, Patrik Voštinár, Jaromír Volf
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):98-103 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.016
The article presents the method of investigating the pressure distribution on uneven surfaces, used for the development of a new, modern series of school furniture that meets the relevant health, pedagogical and legal requirements. During the examination of pressure conditions on school chairs with a flexible tactile sensor, which was primarilly developed for this purpose, exact data on the immediate differences in contact pressures between the person sitting and the seat are obtained. Based on this information, it is then possible to optimally shape the seats during their design and subsequent production according to the age of the sitters and the...
How to Determine Possible Interactions of Silicide and Aluminide in Preparation of Composites
Pavel Novak, Stanislav Mestek, Alena Michalcová, Alisa Tsepeleva, Kateřina Skotnicová, Ivo Szurman
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):104-109 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.008
Silicide – aluminide composites could be considered as potential tool materials, because of high wear resistance and thermal stability. Recently, the alloys based on iron aluminide and silicide were tested, but they found to be very brittle due to the occurrence of brittle Fe-Al-Si ternary phases. On the other hand, in TiAl-Ti5Si3 composite, no ternary phase was formed during sintering, even though it can be expected based on thermodynamics. Therefore, this paper aims on finding the way how to test poten-tial interaction between silicide and aluminide phase during preparation of these composites.
Heat Treatment of Steel 1.3520: Influence of Temperature and Austenitization Time
Martin Ovsik, Michal Stanek, Martin Bednarik
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):110-116 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.017
This study deals with influence of temperature and time of austenitization on final mechanical proper-ties, especially hardness, obtained after heat treatment of steel 1.3520. Following process parameters of heat treatment were varied: time of austenitization and type of cooling medium, which has a significant effect on final structure, thus mechanical properties. These parameters were varied according to reccomended range given in material sheet. As can be seen from results, different temperature and time of austenitization influenced final hardness after quenching and tempering. Lower temperature and shorter time of austenitization led to insufficient...
The Influence of the Choice of Machining Strategy on Production Technology
Martin Reznicek, Cyril Horava
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):117-130 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.014
This paper deals with the issue of selecting different machining parameters in the CAM system Siemens NX 1946. The issue of choosing between a solid end mill, milling cutter, and a high-feed tool when machining simple rectangular and rugged cavities concerning time and residual material is solved here. The chosen material was 1.1730, which is a basic material for the production of moulds without heat treatment. The paper deals with the issue of choosing the size of tool feed into the cut and its influence on the formation of the machining path depending on the depth of the cavity. The size of the residual material depends on the machining strategy...
Observation of the Amount of Wear and the Microstructure of Hardfacing Layers after the Test of Resistance to Abrasive Wear
Miroslava Ťavodová, Miroslav Džupon, Monika Vargová, Dana Stančeková, Jozef Krilek
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):131-140 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.003
The article deals with the evaluation of the amount of wear of the base material and selected hardfac-ing materials intended for tools for wood processing in forestry after a test of resistance to abrasive wear in laboratory conditions. The values of average weight loss Wh[g] and relative resistance to abrasive wear Ψh[-] were determined by calculation. The topography of the surface after the track of the rubber disc and the abrasive of the testing device was evaluated with a confocal microscope. The depth of the disc track Pt[μm;mm] was also evaluated with a confocal microscope. The state of the samples surface after the test, as well as...
The Effect of the Solution Annealing Temperature in the Hardening Process on the Properties of Al-Si-Cu Alloys
Tomáš Vlach, Jaromír Cais, Filip Mamoń, Jakub Mareš
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):141-147 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.011
This article deals with the influence of the applied solution annealing temperatures in the precipita-tion hardening process on the resulting increase in the mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu alloy cast-ings with different copper contents in the alloy. AlSi7Cu2 and AlSi7Cu4 alloys were cast by gravity casting in a metal molds. Each of the samples was subjected to the Vickers microhardness measure-ment of a solid solution of α(Al) and Brinnel hardness measurement. Microscopic analysis and evalu-ation of the internal structure of each alloy was carried out in relation to used solution-annealing temperature.
Influence of Technological Parameters on the Cutting Temperature during Trochoidal Milling
Kamil Piotr Waszczuk
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):148-153 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.001
The aim of the article was to present the results of cutting temperature measurements during trochoidal milling. The investigated material was 145Cr6 (50 HRC). Three trochoidal paths were used: A– described by movement circle, B– described by arcs and straight lines, C– described by short lines between a lot of points. The main conclusions include: similar values of cutting tem-peratures when using paths A and C (differences between the values of about 5%), the use of a trochoidal path type B enables a significant reduction of the cutting temperature. During tro-choidal milling, the maximum temperature values were about 420ºC.
Optimization of Tooth Profile Modification and Backlash Analysis of Multi-tooth Mesh Cycloid Transmission
Liyong Zhang, Wentao Xu, Yanfeng Zhi, Nai Hou, Hongwei Li, Chanlu Wang, Tongjie Li, Yu Zhang, Hanlin Zhang, Jijie Chen
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):154-163 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.012
Cycloid gear drive is widely used in robot cycloid planetary reducer, and the transmission accuracy is the key property of the reducer. The standard cycloid transmission is a multi-tooth mesh. The modification method has attracted extensive attention as one of the important parameters of the cycloid drive. The influence of the isometric and shifting modification of the cycloid gear on the cycloid transmission backlash was analysed according to the characteristics of the multi-tooth mesh and the profile equation of the modified cycloid gear in this study. Combined with the backlash analysis, a multi-objective optimization mathematical model of cycloid...
Measurement of the Dynamic Load of the Cervical Vertebrae of the Human Spine – Pilot Experiment
Igor Žuravský, Martin Novák, Petr Vachata, Martin Sameš, Milan Chalupa, Adam Švásta, Martin Svoboda, Patrik Balcar
Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):164-171 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.006
The article deals with the experimental measurement of the load on the cervical vertebrae when driving a passenger car over bumps. The measurement was done experimentally. The load on the human spine was measured in the area of the C7 cervical vertebra and also in the area of the top of the head. Vehicle crossings over speed bumps. The measurement was carried out at different crossing speeds and at different heights of speed bumps. Three-axis acceleration sensors were placed on selected parts of the vehicle and on the human body. The proposed measurement methodology was verified by the conducted pilot experiment for the possibility of conducting further...