Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(3):341-347 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.043

Frequency Dependence of Glass Transition Temperature of Thermoplastics in DMA Analysis

Marcel Kohutiar ORCID...1, Zbyněk Studený ORCID...2, Michal Krbata ORCID...1, Milan Jus ORCID...1, Pavol Mikuš ORCID...1, Ingrid Kovaříková ORCID...1
1 Faculty of Special Technology, Alexander Dubcek University of Trenčín, Ku Kyselke 469, 911 06 Trenčín, Slovakia
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of oscillatory loading frequency on the dynamic-mechanical properties of 3D printed thermoplastics, namely acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG), and polylactide, also known as polylactic acid (PLA). The investigated samples were manufactured using fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology and tested at different oscillation frequencies (1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 Hz). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrated that an increase in the oscillation frequency causes an increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg) for all analyzed materials, while in the case of the used loading frequencies above 5 Hz, an almost linear dependence between the magnitude of the applied frequency and Tg was observed. The findings also show that with increasing frequency of mechanical loading, there are changes in the visco-elastic properties of the investigated polymers, specifically in the value of the storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E′′) and loss angle (tan δ), which points to the complex behavior of the materials under dynamic conditions. The results of this study provide valuable insights for the use of 3D printed polymer materials in applications where they are exposed to dynamic stress - in the automotive or aerospace industries.

Keywords: Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Fused filament fabrication (FFF), Glass transition temperature (Tg), Oscillation frequency, Thermoplastics
Grants and funding:

The Project for the Development of the Organization “DZRO VARoPs” at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Defence

Received: February 6, 2025; Revised: May 6, 2025; Accepted: June 18, 2025; Prepublished online: June 30, 2025; Published: July 4, 2025  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Kohutiar M, Studený Z, Krbata M, Jus M, Mikuš P, Kovaříková I. Frequency Dependence of Glass Transition Temperature of Thermoplastics in DMA Analysis. Manufacturing Technology. 2025;25(3):341-347. doi: 10.21062/mft.2025.043.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. BARTOSOVA, L., KOHUTIAR, M., KRBATA, M., ESCHEROVA, J., ECKERT, M. & JUS, M. (2023). The Influence of Accelerated Electron Irradiation on the Change of Tribological Behavior of Polymeric Materials PET, PTFE & PE2000C. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 23, pp. 589-596. Go to original source...
    2. ALEXOPOULOU, V. E., CHRISTODOULOU, I. T. & MARKOPOULOS, A. P. (2024). Investigation of Printing Speed Impact on the Printing Accuracy of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) ABS Artefacts. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 24, pp. 333-337. Go to original source...
    3. SEDLAK, J., JOSKA, Z., HRBACKOVA, L., JURICKOVA, E., HRUSECKA, D. & HORAK, O. (2022). Determination of Mechanical Properties of Plastic Components Made by 3D Printing. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 22, pp. 733-746. Go to original source...
    4. HE, F. & KHAN, M. (2021). Effects of Printing Parameters on the Fatigue Behaviour of 3D-Printed ABS Under Dynamic Thermo-Mechanical Loads. In: Polymers, Vol. 13, No. 14, 2362. Go to original source...
    5. KAIAHARA, F. H., PIZI, E. C. G., STRAIOTO, F. G., GALVANI, L. D., KUGA, M. C., ARRUÉ, T. A., JUNIOR, A. R., SÓ, M. V. R., PEREIRA, J. R. & VIDOTTI, H. (2025). Influence of Printing Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of Provisional Polymeric Materials Produced by 3D Printing. In: Polymers, Vol. 17, No. 3, 265. Go to original source...
    6. SUBBARAO, C. V., REDDY, Y. S., INTURI, V. & REDDY, M. I. (2021, February). Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of 3D Printed PETG Material. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1057, No. 1, 012031. Go to original source...
    7. BHANDARI, S., LOPEZ-ANIDO, R. A. & GARDNER, D. J. (2019). Enhancing the Interlayer Tensile Strength of 3D Printed Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced PETG and PLA Composites via Annealing. In: Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 30, 100922. Go to original source...
    8. HSUEH, M. H., LAI, C. J., WANG, S. H., ZENG, Y. S., HSIEH, C. H., PAN, C. Y. & HUANG, W. C. (2021). Effect of Printing Parameters on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PLA and PETG, Using Fused Deposition Modeling. In: Polymers, Vol. 13, No. 11, 1758. Go to original source...
    9. LEE, M. L., LI, Y., FENG, Y. P. & CARTER, C. W. (2002). Study of Frequency Dependence Modulus of Bulk Amorphous Alloys Around the Glass Transition by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. In: Intermetallics, Vol. 10, No. 11-12, pp. 1061-1064. Go to original source...
    10. VALVEZ, S., SILVA, A. P. & REIS, P. N. B. (2022). Optimization of Printing Parameters to Maximize Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PETG-Based Parts. In: Polymers, Vol. 14, No. 13, 2564. Go to original source...
    11. LOPES, L., REIS, D., PAULA JUNIOR, A. & ALMEIDA, M. (2023). Influence of 3D Microstructure Pattern and Infill Density on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of PETG Filaments. In: Polymers, Vol. 15, No. 10, 2268. Go to original source...
    12. KOHUTIAR, M., JANÍK, R., KRBATA, M., BARTOSOVA, L., JUS, M. & TIMÁROVÁ, Ľ. (2023). Study of the Effect of Pretreatment of 3D Printed PLA Filament Modified by Plasma Discharge and Changes in Its Dynamic-Mechanical Properties. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 23, pp. 461-467. Go to original source...
    13. ASTM D4065; American Society for Testing Materials. (2020). Standard Practice for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: Determination and Report of Procedures. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
    14. KOHUTIAR, M., KRBATA, M., JANÍK, R., FEKIAČ, J. J., KAKOŠOVÁ, L. & ESCHEROVÁ, J. (2025). Effect of DCSBD Plasma Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Polymer Films. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 25, pp. 37-44. Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content