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Non-destructive stress measurement techniques are extremely important and are still being developed in engineering research and diagnostics of materials. They allow for a quick assessment of their condition without damaging the structure. Their development is crucial for the safety of structures and extending the life of materials. One of the new methods is the measurement of stress using the Barkhausen effect. The MagStress 5d device was used for the tests. In this work, stress measurements were performed using the MagStress 5D device during three-point bending of a steel flat bar. The results were verified using resistance strain gauges and numerical simulation was performed in the Abaqus program. The measurements indicate that the MagStress 5d device using the Barkhausen effect can serve as a complete alternative to traditional extensometers. The results provided by the introduced method showed very good agreement with the latter.

As part of my research work, in its practical part, I deal with the selection of suitable 3D printing pa-rameters for parts of a robotic kit, as well as the selection of a 3D printer and the determination of a set of experimental measurements and testing in order to obtain the necessary data to determine a suitable filament material for 3D printing of a part of a robotic kit and setting the appropriate 3D printing parameters to obtain the desired mechanical properties of the parts while maintaining the economic benefits of 3D printing. The main aspects for choosing a filament material are printability in primary and secondary school conditions, easy printing (beginner level), minimal postprocessing, adequate mechanical properties – these are obtained by experimental measurement and correspon-ding destructive tests on a real part from the VEX GO and IQ kit.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly developing with emerging technology of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process due to its ability to manufacture large components and high deposition rate. However, WAAM faces mechanical properties problems like porosity, distortion, and strength due to the large heat affected zone (HAZ) from commonly used heat sources such as metal inert gas (MIG) and tungsten inert gas (TIG). Utilization of micro plasma as the heat source should reduce this problem since it has a smaller heat source diameter. Therefore, this study investigates the thermal distribution of micro plasma wire arc additive manufacturing (MPWAAM) by developing a finite element method (FEM) model. This paper focuses on the fabrication of single-layer multitrack deposition and tool path planning of multi-layer multitrack depositions by MPWAAM process. The melt pool size and peak temperature are mainly governed by heat input per unit travel speed of the worktable, with current and voltage being the significant factors. Besides, tool path planning strategy influences the properties and quality of the final product, where parallel tool path design with longer interlayer cooling time minimized part distortion and residual stresses.

Externally toothed components have a very crucial and essential role in all areas of production and manufacturing because they function as away of transmitting motion, energy, and power in all indus-trial applications, such asmodes of transportation, aviation, aerospace, equipment, and operating machines like lathes and milling. All machines have a gear box. Therefore, it is receiving increasing attention. This research presents a new multi-stage rotary ballizing technology for producing toothed parts in one stroke. This process has been investigated experimentally. The parameters that were ex-amined experimentally was at the optimal conditions for single stage ballizing were: die rotation speed of 315 rpm; Axial feed rate, 0.13, mm/rev; The interference (cross in-feed) between the balls and the tubular specimen of 5.5 and 6.5 mm is formed by three stages of ball forming of graduated outer diameters and fixed on a single mandrel; Initial tube thickness is 7 and 8 mm. The effect of these parameters on the forming load, filling ratio and quality of the formed part was studied. The finding sindicated that the seideal variables influence the forming load, tooth filling proportion, and product quality. Experimental results proved the success of this novel technique to form toothed tubular components

The thermal stability of nanocrystalline Cu nanoparticles was investigated using a combination of in situ TEM annealing experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Nanoparticles prepared by a gas aggregation source exhibit an average size of ~100 nm and are predominantly polycrystalline, with grains of ~25 nm. Upon annealing up to 600 °C, the particles preserve their external morphology without signs of sintering, while their internal structure evolves through progressive grain growth. Orientation mapping revealed an increase in Σ3 and other special boundaries, consistent with the tendency of grain boundary networks to evolve toward low-energy configurations. MD simulations partially reproduce the general coarsening process and the formation of nearly monocrystalline particles, but predominantly produce {111} stacking faults rather than Σ3 twins. This discrepancy is attributed to the limited timescale and idealized initial conditions of the simulations compared with the defect-rich experimental particles.

Determining the productivity and quality of precision AWJ machining requires routine and careful inspection of nozzle condition. The degradation of the inner bore of the nozzle adversely impacts the mixing efficiency and uniformity of the water jet, thereby affecting its cutting performance. In this study, new nozzle was designed and manufactured using additive manufacturing and were made of 316 L stainless steel. The new nozzle consists of two combined parts with the peculiarity of being easy to install using a screw thread. The wear behavior of the new nozzle was examined using an accelerat-ed wear test. An accelerated wear test was conducted on the hard abrasive silicon carbide (SiC) and compared to garnet, the abrasive commonly used in the AWJ industry. The aim of the test was to de-termine the wear pattern of the nozzle. The cumulative mass loss and nozzle diameter increase for different abrasives were measured. The geometric change in the nozzle is made visible through de-structive examination. The findings indicated that the type of abrasives significantly affects nozzle wear. As the hardness of the abrasive increases, the diameter of the nozzle enlarges, resulting in accel-erated nozzle wear. The mass loss factor of SiC abrasives is three times higher than that of garnet abrasives. This research allows practitioners to monitor the nozzle wear behaviour during the AWJ process. The results obtained were used to estimate the nozzle life based on the observed wear history.

The optimization of process parameters plays a critical role in controlling temperature and velocity fields during centrifugal casting, which is essential for mitigating shrinkage porosity defects caused by uneven cooling in thick walled bearing alloy layers. In this study, two sequential numerical models were devel-oped using ProCAST software to simulate gravity filling and centrifugal solidification stages. The effects of key parameters, including inlet cross-sectional area and centrifugal rotational speed, on flow field characteristics were systematically analyzed. By using an orthogonal experimental design, we deter-mined the optimal parameters: a melt temperature of 440 °C for the Babbitt alloy, an initial temperature of 280 °C for the bearing blank, a filling inlet diameter of 16 mm, and a rotational speed of 340 r/min. Bearing alloy layers manufactured according to these optimized parameters exhibit no evident shrinkage or cracks on their surfaces. The high quality finished products meet the design requirements, thereby validating the accuracy of the numerical simulation.

The development and characterizing of thin layers of AgCu, Cu, Ti, and Zr on nylon filters using PVD magnetron sputtering technology was conducted. The evaluation of these thin layers was mainly focused on characterizing specific parameters that may influence the expected functionality of the modified filter materials. The surface treatment of nylon filters with thin layers does not significantly affect the mechanical properties of the original nylon material. Thin layers deposited at a power of 0.9 kW exhibited greater thickness and lower static friction coefficient values than the layers deposited at 0.4 kW, except for a thin layer of the element titanium. The surface modification of the filters did not significantly change resistance to deformation and had no significant reduction in pore size. However, a significant effect on surface wettability (increased hydrophobicity) was demonstrated.

Tree-like branched Al-Al₂Cu heterogeneous nanostructures with a high surface area ratio were successfully fabricated using magnetron sputtering of Al matrix and Cu nanoparticles, followed by in situ annealing. The method enables precise control over the composition and morphology of the nanosized columnar Al₂Cu phase grown on the substrate and embedded in the Al matrix. The formation of Al₂Cu begins at the initial locations of sputtered Cu nanoparticles. Further annealing promotes their coalescence and coarsening. Orientation relationships examined in several Al₂Cu particles revealed a semi-coherency with the Al matrix. The high surface area and tunable composition highlight the potential of these nanostructures for advanced battery anodes, with tailored geometry achieved through controlled processing conditions.

This paper details a systematic machine learning workflow designed for the prediction of surface roughness in grinding operations using key machining parameters. Those parameters are: Depth of Cut, Feed Rate, Work Speed, and Wheel Speed. The model was trained and validated on a data set which comprised experimental measurements of those parameters and their corresponding values of surface roughness. Three machine learning models, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and LightGBM, were developed and tested based on accuracy of prediction of the surface roughness. The validation of all three models was performed using performance metrics like Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and R-squared (R²). Among the models, LightGBM exhibited the highest value of performance with the lowest error ob-served MSE 0.0047, MAE 0.064, and RMSE 0.09 respectively while an R-squared value closest to zero. (-0.02). The moderate performance was shown by the Random Forest which presented an MSE of 0.0063, MAE of 0.085, and RMSE of 0.10 while the Gradient Boosting recorded the highest error rates which may indicate that it is the least effective model. It's an effective application of machine learning in predicting surface roughness and gives an insight into machining process optimization through predictive modelling.

It is well known that the porosity of a product can have a negative effect on the mechanical properties of the product. For this reason, its control is very important. Porosity can be assessed by two methods - destructive and nondestructive inspection. However, the identification of very small pores is still very difficult for metallic materials, as the pore size may be below the resolution of most commonly used NDT techniques. In addition, different types of pores may be present in a single part, with one type usually dominating. Proper identification of porosity is essential to estimate the impact on structural properties. For pore assessment, as for other defects, the description of the morphology, distribution and frequency is important. This article deals with the comparison of methods designed to determine the porosity of products that have been manufactured using Laser Directed Energy Deposition – L-DED additive process. The samples were made from AISI 316L stainless steel. The porosity of these samples was assessed using destructive and nondestructive methods. Subsequently, their comparison was made in relation to the detection of different pore sizes. The samples were subsequently subjected to the HIP process (Hot Isostatic Pressing). For these samples, the changes that occurred in the material as a result of this process were subsequently quantified. This process should have a positive effect on improving the quality of the product produced by AM technologies, e.g. by reducing the number and size of pores.

Due to their availability and ease of use, additive techniques are experiencing dynamic development. This applies to both the industrial sector and individual recipients. The authors of numerous publications address in their research the subject of the influence of selected printing process parameters on the strength of models, usually made using selected MEX (Material Extrusion) methods. Among the MEX methods, the most frequently chosen are the FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) and FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) methods. This is due to the high availability and low cost of devices using the methods mentioned above and the high availability of polymer materials. In their research, the authors increasingly consider the influence of the internal structure of the samples and their density on selected strength parameters, often without considering whether they affect the geometric accuracy of sample mapping. For the above reasons, it was decided in the article to conduct research covering the indicated subject using the example of standardized samples made of six selected polymers used in the FFF method.

This study focuses on addressing the challenges faced by individuals with physical disabilities, particu-larly lower body impairments, by developing a stump socket using Reverse Engineering (RE), 3D Printing, and QFD. The integration of these three methods is something new in product design devel-opment, especially prosthetic products. The research adopted a three-step methodology: 3D scanning the stump, obtaining precise measurements, and fabricating a stump socket using fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. QFD will produce technical requirements (TR) derived from consumer needs and brainstorming with prosthetists. TR will be the basis for developing the socket design in the 3D Scanning phase. The scanning process utilized Polycam, and the 3D models were refined with Meshmixer. The socket was fabricated using PLA+ material to ensure cost efficiency and customiza-bility. Experimental results demonstrated the accuracy and feasibility of the designed prosthetic sock-et, with a layer thickness of 0.2 mm and printing temperatures up to 215°C. The study highlights the potential of RE and 3D Printing to address the unique anthropometric variations of Indonesian users, overcome the limitations of conventional crutches, and reduce production costs compared to imported prostheses. This approach demonstrates a scalable and innovative solution to improve accessibility and quality of life for individuals with physical disabilities while contributing to economic inclusivity.

The topic of this paper is the application of machine learning and neural networks in engineering, specifically in the prediction of the lifetime of bearings operating in different conditions. In addition, the basics of machine learning are introduced, giving an idea of the importance of input data quality for model training. It also presents the elements of neural network training to be used in other projects. The article is supplemented by a source code examples written using only the Python language, and some other popular libraries, like the NumPy, Matplotlib, Tensorflow, Keras, and Scikit-learn. The main advantage of the libraries used is that they are freely available and widely used, bringing variety of sophisticated tools for gen-eral use.

The magnitude of a locomotive's traction and braking forces is directly related to its adhesive mass, which largely determines its tractive and braking characteristics. Therefore, an important task is to maximize the utilization of the locomotive's adhesive mass. The degree of adhesive mass utilization is determined by more factors and is quantitatively characterized by the Adhesive Mass Utilization Coeffi-cient (AMUC). One of the ways to increase the AMUC is to improve the locomotive's lever-type brake transmission. In braking mode, it interacts with the wheelsets and the bogie frame and may block the operation of the first stage of the suspension system. This research presents the results of a mathematical model-based study of the influence of certain parameters of the lever brake transmission on the utilisation of locomotive adhesive mass in braking mode. The calculations were carried out for various values of the vertical stiffness of the brake transmission. The results indicate that the distribution of vertical loads across the locomotive's wheelsets in braking mode significantly depends on the vertical stiffness of the brake transmission.

The article provides an analytical solution for the dynamics of a vehicle chassis designed for both road and rail operation, featuring either single or multiple primary linear suspensions using coil springs. It derives the equations of motion for a simplified two-axle chassis model that includes both a basic primary suspension and a simplified chassis suspension. The study focuses on the simplest calculation model to analyze suspension behavior, taking into account the asymmetry in spring stiffness and geometric positioning. There is an unequal distribution of weight across the vehicle body. An analysis is conducted on a comprehensive vehicle model with nine degrees of freedom. The analytical solution is obtained using Lagrange equations of the second kind, alongside various calculation techniques such as Laplace transformation. Due to the scope of the article, calculations of all coefficients of the matrices are not presented, but a link to other works of the authors is given, where these procedures are presented. The proposed analytical solution makes it possible to derive an effective algorithm for the application of computer technology. The use of the proposed procedures allows determining the permissible asymmetry of vehicles for safe driving, taking into account structural asymmetry, kinematic excitation asymmetry (always occurs) and suspension asymmetry (almost always occurs).

The objective of this paper is the evaluation of dimensional and geometric accuracy and surface to-pography of milled parts from plastic. This evaluation was done on 10 samples from various thermo-plastics made by extrusion and FDM 3D printing. The samples were then milled. One side was milled dry while the other was milled with cutting fluid, which has improved the texture of the result-ing machined surfaces in most cases, for example with printed PLA, where Ra was reduced by 1.8 µm. For determining the dimensional and geometric accuracy, two parameters were chosen, those being distance and parallelism. For evaluating the surface topography, 4 parameters were measured using 2D profile roughness and 3D surface texture. The surface of the prints was greatly improved by machining. The paper ends with practical recommendations for choosing different plastic materials for applications, requiring high dimensional accuracy and low surface roughness.

Polymers and their surface modifications are the subject of intensive research due to their wide industrial applications in the fields of food packaging, biomedicine and electronics. The most widely used polymer films include polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP), whose surface and mechanical properties can be optimized through physicochemical modifications. Diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (DCSBD) represents an effective method for modifying the surface properties of polymers without significantly affecting their structural properties. This study focuses on analyzing the effect of DCSBD plasma discharge on the mechanical behavior of PE, PET and PP films by means of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Experimental samples were exposed to DCSBD plasma discharge and subsequently subjected to DMA over a wide temperature range. The measurement results showed significant changes in the storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E′′) and loss angle (tan δ), while a decrease in material stiffness and a shift in glass transition temperatures (Tg) were identified.

Recycling copper wire to produce the correct copper powder extends the environmentally friendly alternative to traditional refining techniques. That exploration research uses different annealed envi-ronments to regulate the embrittlement and ease of the crunch of the copper wire, with a particular focus on the variations in temperature and the consequences of the atmosphere. The study included heat conductor copper wire in the wind and a synthesis gas mixture (40 % H2, 60 % N2) within a tem-perature range of 250 °C to 850 °C with a duration of either 30 or 60 minutes. Several trials were carried out to measure the influence of the treatment, including the bend test to measure the toughness, the optical microscopy to measure the evolution of the microstructure, and the mass loss measurement to measure the oxidation tiers. The results show that annealing gas at a temperature between 600°C and 650°C for 45–60 minutes produces significant embrittlement, which makes the copper more prone to cracking at all right atoms. A microstructural study confirms that the embrittlement detected in the minimization atmosphere is due to excessive grain expansion and the formation of a nothingness caused by hydrogen infiltration. Moreover, oxidation was well reduced under conditions of synthesis gas, with a mass loss of approximately 1–3 %, in contrast to the oxygen record of 10 % above 850 oC. These revelations underline the possibility of controlled annealing and hydrogen embrittlement as a cost-effective and resource-efficient method of producing superior copper powder, which could be highly beneficial for some industrial objectives.

In order to address the pollution caused by petroleum-based plastics and increase the added value of agricultural waste, this study aims to develop an environmentally friendly wood composite material using agricultural waste corncob (CC) and biomass material chitosan (CS) as the matrix, and optimise its molding process to improve its physical and mechanical properties. Based on the single-factor test, the relatively optimal process parameters were preliminarily determined as follows: the CS concentration is 1.8%, the pressure is 25 MPa, and the temperature is 135 °C. At this time, the comprehensive properties of the material reach a density of 1.47 g/cm³, a hardness of 16.67 kgf/mm², a flexural strength of 42.2 MPa, and an elastic modulus of 7.2 GPa. Furthermore, the response surface experimental design and analysis method was applied to optimize the composition ratio and molding process parameters, and a response surface model with flexural strength, apparent hardness, and density as response values was established. Through the analysis of the Design-Expert software, a quadratic regression equation was obtained, and its determination coefficient R² is higher than 0.9, indicating that the model is significant and reliable. The response surface analysis shows that the optimal parameter combination is a CS concentration of 1.7%, a molding pressure of 26 MPa, and a molding temperature of 138 °C. In the verification test, the flexural strength is measured to be 49.419 MPa, the hardness is 16.585 kgf/mm², and the density is 1.507 g/cm³, which is highly consistent with the optimized predicted values. The study shows that the response surface method can effectively establish a quantitative relationship model between process parameters and performance indicators, providing a reliable process optimization method and theoretical support for the green preparation of biomass composites.

The fuel content of engine oil is a significant factor affecting its degradation processes, lubricating properties and overall service life, especially in the case of modern internal combustion engines equipped with turbocharging, direct injection and exhaust gas recuperation systems. This study analyzes the dilution of engine oil with fuel in diesel and gasoline engines of vehicles with different degrees of wear, represented by the number of kilometers driven. The main objective of the research is to identify the relationship between the fuel concentration in the oil and changes in its physicochemical properties, as well as the potential impact of this phenomenon on the service life of the lubricant and the suitability of the set replacement intervals. The fuel content was quantified using precise quantitative spectrometric analysis, which allowed comparing engine oil samples taken under different operating conditions, including hot and cold starts, urban and highway operation. The results obtained show that vehicles with higher mileage and higher frequency of cold starts exhibit significantly higher rates of oil dilution by fuel, which directly affects the reduction of its viscosity and lubricating ability. The findings of this study provide important insights for the development of recommendations in the field of engine maintenance, especially with regard to optimizing engine oil change intervals, in order to prevent excessive wear and damage to engine components due to lubricant degradation.

The study examines the effect of various post-processing heat treatments on the microstructural evolution and hardness of the AlSi10Mg alloy produced by selective laser melting (SLM). The alloy was examined in the as-built (AB) condition and after three heat treatment regimes: direct aging (DA, 160°C/5 h), stress relieving (SR, 300°C/2 h), and solution annealing followed by artificial aging (SA, 520°C/2 h + 170°C/4 h) to better understand the solidification and consolidation processes. A multiscale characterization using OM, SEM, EBSD, TEM, and EDS was performed to reveal the changes in specific microstructures due to additive manufacturing and different levels of heat treatment. The AB state exhibited a fine cellular network of Si within an α-Al matrix, and high hardness (approx. 138 HV1). The DA treatment preserved cellular morphology with mild coarsening, whereas SR led to partial fragmentation of the Si network and a significant drop in hardness (approx. 83 HV1). The SA condition caused recrystallization, Si spheroidization, and formation of Mg- and Fe-rich precipitates, accompanied by moderate hardness recovery (approx. 104 HV1). The persistent crystallographic texture was confirmed across all states.

The article describes the creation of a mathematical 3D model of the original hovercraft structure, which will be further used for research into modifying the shapes and materials of the structure to ensure better driving conditions. Proposals for new materials for individual parts of the hovercraft structure will be addressed in order to reduce the weight of the hovercraft and thereby ensure a higher possible speed of movement, reduce fuel consumption and ensure the necessary mechanical properties of individual segments. The mathematical model of the simplified hovercraft model was created in the Cradle and Adams simulation programs. The paper is presented by analyzing the hovercraft properties in order to obtain sets of advantages and disadvantages of the hovercraft. The following is a description of the creation of a geometric 3D model of the hovercraft, which is built using Autodesk Inventor. The article further describes the transformation of the 3D model into a simulation model that can be used for co-simulation of movement in the Adams and Cradle computer simulation systems. The simulations will be the first step towards modifying the structure of a real rescue UAV prototype with improved maneuverability, stability and the ability to traverse terrain with surfaces unsuitable for hovering.

The effects of aging treatment temperature of 250°C on microstructure, mechanical properties characteristics of 6111 aluminum alloy sheet were investigated by mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and other analytical methods. The results show that the aging treatment temperature has a significant effect on the yield strength of cold rolled 6111 aluminum alloy, and appropriate heat treatment can significantly improve the work-hardening properties of rolled 6111 aluminum alloy. The rolled sheet without heat treatment aging shows the highest strength values, with the yield strength reaching 140.2 MPa and the tensile strength 211.2 MPa, while the ten-sile strength decreases to 119.2 MPa and the yield strength to 35.1 MPa when the heat treatment aging temperature of the cold-rolled sheet is set at 250°C. In terms of the plastic behavior of the sheet, the elongation reaches a maximum value of 31.3% when aging at 250°C. The elongation of the cold-rolled aluminum alloy reaches a maximum value of 31.3% when aging at 250 °C. The elongation reached the maximum value of 31.3% at the aging temperature of 250°C.

The Mg-Y-Zn alloy system is well known for its outstanding combination of high strength and ductility, even at relatively low concentrations of alloying elements. This exceptional performance is primarily at-tributed to its characteristic microstructure, which features Long-Period Stacking Ordered (LPSO) phas-es and the distinctive Mille-Feuille Structure (MFS). Kink-induced strengthening, developed during thermomechanical processing, has emerged as a promising strategy to simultaneously enhance strength and ductility. In this study, the beneficial effect of pre-deformation aimed at introducing additional kinks into the microstructure prior to extrusion is demonstrated. The subsequent extrusion process promotes dynamic recrystallization (DRX), generating fine DRX grains while preserving kink structures in the non-DRX regions. As a result, the yield strength is enhanced by approximately 80 MPa, accom-panied by a slight improvement in ductility.

In order to explore the causes of trapped oil and cavitation formation during the operation of aviation fuel gear pump to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the pump, dynamic grid technology and Realizable were adopted. The k-ε turbulence model and Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model were used to simulate the three-dimensional transient state of the jet fuel gear pump. The results show that: 1) the air bubbles are mainly distributed in the tooth cavity of the inlet end of the gear pump due to the low inlet pressure and the vortex. 2) Under the effect of high pressure and bubbles at the outlet, an approximately closed tooth cavity is formed near the outlet end, and the trapped oil pressure is generated, whose pressure value is 16 times that of the inlet pressure. 3) As the outlet pressure decreases, the trapped oil pressure in the tooth cavity decreases, but the area of the low pressure area increases, and the cavitation area shows a diffusion trend. 4) The high pressure value formed in the tooth cavity is mainly affected by the speed of the gear. As the speed decreases, the high pressure value gradually decreases to the outlet pressure, and the pressure value decreases slowly with the change of the rotation Angle; The speed decreases, cavitation weakens and the cavitation bubbles formed in the tooth cavity gradually shrink to the oil film between teeth.

The article is focused on the investigation of the impact of the implementation of mechanization into the welding workplace, for the production of cylinders from austenitic X5CrNi18 10 chromium nickel steel. The welds are assembled into a production line for the processing of puff pastry. In addition to the technical improvement of the process and the verification of the sufficient quality of the welds, calculations were used to prove that after the implementation of the change, there was a significant reduction in the production time. By introducing a higher level of mechanization and necessary technological changes, the production time was reduced by up to half, compared with the original technological procedure, including an increase in quality parameters and it led to a reduction in the production costs of the welding workplace. A significant consequence of the proposed change was connected with its impact on workplace safety.

The paper presents the analysis of the gantry crane loading when driving along the crane track, using a Working model 3D, for which the analysis of the gantry crane frame loading was performed. The gantry crane is designed to remove dirt in front of the turbine under the water surface. For the gantry crane which moves along a track, the directional and vertical unevennesses were determined by experiment and are given in graphic and numerical form in (mm), relating to A track and B track with a total track length of 450 (m). Based on the knowledge of the unevenness of the rail track, the four random functional dependencies defining the irregularities of the individual rails as input variables were used for the kinematic excitation of the individual wheels of the gantry crane. The stress analysis was performed for a travel speed of 30 (m.min^-1) and a lift of 10 (t) under the given loading. The results of the stress analysis are presented in graphic form.

This study examines the two-pass hot rolling process of 6061 aluminum alloy wire, focusing on forming load measurement to evaluate process stability and its effects on dimensional accuracy and mechanical property uniformity. Using response surface methodology (RSM), process parameters and forming loads were analyzed to assess their influence on mechanical property distribution and verify the applicability of load measurement in process quality evaluation. A full-factorial finite element simulation was conducted to investigate the effects of pre-forming section reduction rate, material temperature, roll speed, and friction coefficient. Experimental results indicate that forming load measurements effectively capture variations in initial wire temperature and reveal the influence of material velocity and roll speed. Load data also identify the Spike phenomenon caused by improper roll positioning, leading to abnormal load surges and reduced mechanical property uniformity. The strong agreement between experimental forming loads and FEM simulations validates the reliability of the proposed measurement method. This study provides a basis for wire rolling process design and machine learning-based quality prediction, supporting advancements in smart manufacturing applications.

Cycloid gear drive is widely used in robot cycloid planetary reducer, and the transmission accuracy is the key property of the reducer. The standard cycloid transmission is a multi-tooth mesh. The modification method has attracted extensive attention as one of the important parameters of the cycloid drive. The influence of the isometric and shifting modification of the cycloid gear on the cycloid transmission backlash was analysed according to the characteristics of the multi-tooth mesh and the profile equation of the modified cycloid gear in this study. Combined with the backlash analysis, a multi-objective optimization mathematical model of cycloid gear modification parameters was established to ensure the backlash and strength of the reducer. The study showed that the modification combination mode and parameters were obtained under different application conditions, thus providing a certain reference for the modification parameter design of cycloid transmission.