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When diamond scribing knives are used to grind silicon wafers at ultra-high speeds, slight changes in the structure of the diamond scribing knives and changes in the grinding parameters will have a large impact on the processing accuracy and appearance of the silicon wafers. In order to reduce the defective rate of silicon wafers, improve the service life of diamond scribing knives and grinding efficiency. To address this issue, the working mechanism of the scribing knife grinding is analysed in the paper, the influence of spindle speed and feed rate on the quality of the silicon wafer slit when the scribing knife is grinding is studied, and the chipping of silicon wafers is observed through the scanning electron microscope and optical microscope, so as to analyse the shape of the cross-section, length of the cutting edge, concentration of diamond particles in the cutting edge, thickness of the cutting edge and determine the structure of the scribing knife, and to test its influence on the silicon wafer slit by means of the grinding experiments. The structure of the scribing knife was determined, and its influence on the quality of silicon wafer slit was tested by grinding experiment. The results show that the wear rate of diamond particles, slit quality and processing efficiency of the scribing knife are optimal when grinding silicon wafers at 50,000 r/min and 60-80 mm.sec^-1. The above study can help to further understand the wear mechanism of the scribing knife in the process of ultra-high-speed grinding of silicon wafers, improve the machining efficiency, and prolong the service life of the tool.

To address cracking and deformation in large-size ceramic slabs during firing induced by thermo-structural coupling, this study established an indirect thermo-structural coupling finite element model in Ansys to analyze an 820 mm×100 mm×6.32 mm slab. The evolution of temperature field, stress field, and deformation was investigated across four firing stages. Results indicate that the rapid cooling stage, with a high convective heat transfer coefficient, forms the cycle’s maximum thermal gradient, showing the most asymmetric temperature field of mid-plane high, surfaces low and a ~17°C surface-mid-plane temperature difference. The stress field follows a low-high-declining-stable trend, peaking in rapid cooling of 23 MPa maximum equivalent stress in the thickness section and 11 MPa maximum principal stress at the glaze-body interface. Thermal gradient, glaze-body CTE mismatch, and boundary constraints respectively drive stress generation, interface concentration, and asymmetric distribution. Deformation obeys length > width > thickness in rapid cooling, lengthwise deformation is 8.2 times the width. Thickness-direction drum-shaped deformation stems from glaze-body CTE mismatch. This study reveals the firing thermo-structural coupling mechanism, providing theoretical support for optimizing firing processes and glaze-body formulations, with significant engineering value for reducing cracking and improving dimensional stability.

The fatigue assessment of a Class 300 valve body with a bore diameter of 450 mm under vari-ous pressures is discussed using Section VIII, Division 2 of the ASME BPVC. Finite element analysis (FEA) results are compared to fatigue test results, and correlations are obtained. The material used for the valve is A216 WCB, which is widely used for making API ball valves. Elastic stress analysis was used to study the influence of various parameters on the results. This method is widely accepted and is used for static components. The body and flange de-signs were performed in accordance with ASME and API standards. Various pressure loads were applied to the inner surface of the valve body, ranging from 4 MPa to 6 MPa. The defor-mation, equivalent stress and stress intensity over the critical areas were analyzed using AN-SYS Workbench. As the pressure increases, the maximum compressive stress over the valve body surface also increases. However, the design of the valve for a pressure of 5.1 MPa (for a Class 300 valve) remained within the safe limit. Increasing the pressure beyond 5.1 MPa also indicates a safe design; the valve can withstand pressure up to 6 MPa (beyond the design pres-sure).

This study used JMatPro software to comprehensively analyze the new low-iron-loss cold-rolled non-oriented high-grade electrical steel 35W210X, calculating phase composition, Gibbs free energy, stress-strain relationships, and yield strength changes. Results showed its ferritic structure and consistent calculated room-temperature yield strength with experiments. To study production cracks, JMatPro data was used in Deform-3D to simulate the five-pass reciprocating cold rolling on a Sendzimir 20-roll mill, successfully replicating the cracks. Aiming at the problems of frequent cracking and low yield rate (<50%), the study found the original single normalizing annealing process inadequate. Thus, an optimized double annealing process was adopted, controlling cracks and raising the yield rate to over 85%. This research offers theoretical and technological support for rolling high-silicon electrical steels like 35W210X.

This study examines the influence of FDM printing parameters on replica parts for an educational robotics kit, targeting functional compatibility without post-processing. A VEX Robotics 2×12 Beam (228‑2500‑026) was used as the reference part. Reference dimensions were obtained as mean values from 10 original VEX IQ parts. Replicas were printed from PLA and PETG on Original Prusa MK4 printers using four infill patterns and six infill densities (15–70%). For each material–pattern–density combination, 10 parts were produced, resulting in 480 printed samples. Width, length, and height were measured with a Mitutoyo MiSTAR 555 CNC CMM in accordance with ISO 10360-2. Results are expressed as mean deviations from reference dimensions, standard deviations, and expanded uncertainty of the mean. Maximum deviations reached 0.062, 0.092, and 0.032 mm for PLA, and 0.046, 0.090, and 0.028 mm for PETG. The results provide guidance for selecting non-solid infill settings that reduce material use and printing time while maintaining dimensional compatibility

An agricultural tractor equipped with appropriately rated guards can often replace specialized forestry machinery. Currently, few authorized dealers on the Polish market offer tractors adapted to harsh forest conditions, so this work involved designing a tubular guard for the Kubota M135GX-VI agricul-tural tractor. The aim of this work was to develop a conceptual design for a tubular guard, together with a strength analysis based on FOPS procedures, dedicated to the KUBOTA M135GX-IV agricul-tural tractor. To properly design the tubular guard, applicable standards and regulations regarding the construction of cabs and tubular guards for agricultural and forestry machinery were first analyzed. Subsequently, the available solutions were analyzed and two original concepts were developed. These concepts were evaluated based on the adopted criteria, selecting the variant with the highest score. Furthermore, the most advantageous variant was subjected to a strength analysis using the finite el-ement method (FEM) in accordance with the FOPS procedure. The test results showed that all nodes included in the developed concept met the strength requirements.

To enhance the effective penetration of cutting fluid into the depth of the cutting joint, a nano-cutting liquid atomization method has been proposed to improve the cutting quality of diamond wire sawing. A six-inch large diameter silicon wafer (150 mm diameter) diamond wire saw cutting experimental platform was constructed. The base liquid, nano SiO2, and nano SiC cutting liquid were utilized as the cutting fluids, and various cutting solutions were employed to compare the cutting quality of large diameter silicon wafers. The temperature field change, surface roughness of the silicon wafer, surface morphology, and warping of the silicon wafer were measured as evaluation indexes, and the impact law of different cutting solutions on the cutting quality of diamond wire saw was analyzed. The results indicate that nano-cutting fluid can reduce the roughness of silicon wafers and improve the surface morphology of silicon wafers. Mixing multiple nanoparticles can produce cutting fluids that further enhance wire saw cutting performance in actual diamond wire saw cutting technologies.

A single-stage evaporator with natural circulation was used to densify the plasticizing bath through continuous evaporation and to prepare a solution used in the production of viscose fiber. During the process, sodium calcium sulfate salts were formed, leading to fouling of the heat transfer surfaces in the heat exchangers. This fouling created a layer of deposits that gradually reduced the efficiency of the evaporation process in the evaporator. It was determined that a processing medium with a volumetric flow rate of 6 m³·h⁻¹ required a heat exchanger power of 1448 kW. A fouling layer with a thickness of 0.1 mm reduced the heat exchanger's performance by approximately 40%. When the fouling layer increased to 0.5 mm, the heat exchanger power decreased by nearly 74%, down to 889 kW. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the process parameters of the densification technology in order to identify potential optimisations that could increase equipment availability and reliability. Alternatively, the study aimed to provide recommendations for design modifications to the existing technology.

This study examines the effect of accelerated weathering on the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of thermoplastics produced by fused filament fabrication (FFF). Three polymers, acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), and polylactic acid (PLA), were subjected to alternating UV radiation and condensation cycles in a QUV chamber simulating environmental exposure. Tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used to evaluate the changes in strength, stiffness, and glass-transition behavior. The results revealed distinct responses depending on the polymer structure. ASA maintained its ductility and even showed improved strength, confirming high UV resistance. PETG exhibited a moderate decrease in strength with negligible change in elongation, indicating partial photo-oxidation but stable viscoelastic behavior. PLA demonstrated the most significant stiffening and a noticeable upward shift of the glass-transition temperature due to crystallization and physical aging. Overall, short-term QUV exposure acted as a conditioning process, enhancing the thermal and structural stability of the tested FFF-printed polymers.

A new comparison method of the total forces for different contact areas has been published which allows increasing determination accuracy for cutting forces on flank surface. In this regard, on the basis of the new method the laboratory of the Department of Machining and Assembly of the Technical University of Liberec has carried out a study to determine the effect of tool wear on the correlation of forces on the face and flank surfaces of the cutting tool when cutting various materials.

In order to explore the causes of trapped oil and cavitation formation during the operation of aviation fuel gear pump to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the pump, dynamic grid technology and Realizable were adopted. The k-ε turbulence model and Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model were used to simulate the three-dimensional transient state of the jet fuel gear pump. The results show that: 1) the air bubbles are mainly distributed in the tooth cavity of the inlet end of the gear pump due to the low inlet pressure and the vortex. 2) Under the effect of high pressure and bubbles at the outlet, an approximately closed tooth cavity is formed near the outlet end, and the trapped oil pressure is generated, whose pressure value is 16 times that of the inlet pressure. 3) As the outlet pressure decreases, the trapped oil pressure in the tooth cavity decreases, but the area of the low pressure area increases, and the cavitation area shows a diffusion trend. 4) The high pressure value formed in the tooth cavity is mainly affected by the speed of the gear. As the speed decreases, the high pressure value gradually decreases to the outlet pressure, and the pressure value decreases slowly with the change of the rotation Angle; The speed decreases, cavitation weakens and the cavitation bubbles formed in the tooth cavity gradually shrink to the oil film between teeth.

The article describes the creation of a mathematical 3D model of the original hovercraft structure, which will be further used for research into modifying the shapes and materials of the structure to ensure better driving conditions. Proposals for new materials for individual parts of the hovercraft structure will be addressed in order to reduce the weight of the hovercraft and thereby ensure a higher possible speed of movement, reduce fuel consumption and ensure the necessary mechanical properties of individual segments. The mathematical model of the simplified hovercraft model was created in the Cradle and Adams simulation programs. The paper is presented by analyzing the hovercraft properties in order to obtain sets of advantages and disadvantages of the hovercraft. The following is a description of the creation of a geometric 3D model of the hovercraft, which is built using Autodesk Inventor. The article further describes the transformation of the 3D model into a simulation model that can be used for co-simulation of movement in the Adams and Cradle computer simulation systems. The simulations will be the first step towards modifying the structure of a real rescue UAV prototype with improved maneuverability, stability and the ability to traverse terrain with surfaces unsuitable for hovering.

Externally toothed components have a very crucial and essential role in all areas of production and manufacturing because they function as away of transmitting motion, energy, and power in all indus-trial applications, such asmodes of transportation, aviation, aerospace, equipment, and operating machines like lathes and milling. All machines have a gear box. Therefore, it is receiving increasing attention. This research presents a new multi-stage rotary ballizing technology for producing toothed parts in one stroke. This process has been investigated experimentally. The parameters that were ex-amined experimentally was at the optimal conditions for single stage ballizing were: die rotation speed of 315 rpm; Axial feed rate, 0.13, mm/rev; The interference (cross in-feed) between the balls and the tubular specimen of 5.5 and 6.5 mm is formed by three stages of ball forming of graduated outer diameters and fixed on a single mandrel; Initial tube thickness is 7 and 8 mm. The effect of these parameters on the forming load, filling ratio and quality of the formed part was studied. The finding sindicated that the seideal variables influence the forming load, tooth filling proportion, and product quality. Experimental results proved the success of this novel technique to form toothed tubular components

This article is dedicated to exploring the potential enhancement of mechanical properties, such as hardness and tensile strength, in selected Al-Si alloys (AlSi7Mg0.3, AlSi7Cu4, and Al-Si10.5Cu1.2Mn0.8Ni1.2). High-melting-point elements, such as chromium and molybdenum, are rarely utilized as additives in Al-Si alloys. However, the article demonstrates the feasibility of improving the mechanical properties of these alloys through the addition of high-melting-point elements. High-melting-point metals, often referred to as refractory metals, typically have melting points above 2000 degrees Celsius. Common refractory metals include tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, rhenium, and others. These metals exhibit excellent mechanical properties at elevated temperatures and often possess high density and good corrosion resistance. All casts were made using by gravity casting with different heat treatment conditions at 740 °C. The microstructures, hardness, microhard-ness and tensile strenght of the samples were analyzed. Hardness measurements were conducted using two types of hardness testers according to ČSN EN ISO 6506-1 for the Brinell hardness test method and ČSN EN ISO 6507-1 for the Vickers hardness test method. A static tensile test was performed on a universal testing machine, Inspekt 100, in accordance with the standard ČSN EN ISO 6892-1. The measured data demonstrated that high-melting-point metals affect each alloy differently. In some alloys, mechanical properties improved after heat treatment, while in others, a significant deterioration was observed, particularly in tensile strength.

longitudinal externally splined parts have garnered increasing attention due to their critical role in power transmission across various industrial applications. This study explores the use of the internally rotating ballizing technique for manufacturing these components. The process was analyzed both experimentally and numerically through a mathematical model. The experimental investigation focused on key process parameters, including die rotational speed (50, 63, 80, 100, 125, 160, 200, 250, and 315 rpm), axial feed rate (0.13, 0.15, 0.18, and 0.21 mm/rev), interference between the balls and the tubular sample (cross in-feed: 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 mm), and initial tube thickness (4, 5, 6 and 7 mm). The study assessed the influence of these variables on the forming load and the quality of the produced longitudinal externally splined sleeves. A numerical model was developed to predict forming loads, and the findings indicated that these parameters significantly affect both (forming load and filling ratio). The optimal values for these variables were identified, and the numerical results showed a strong correlation with experimental findings. Keywords: Externally Splined Sleeves, rotary Ballizing Process, Numerical method, Experimental Study and forming load.

Current contribution contains of results of experimental measurements performed within the determination of initial raw feedstock materials moisture content and its influence on final properties of subsequently produced briquettes. A birch wood chips samples with five different moisture contents, specifically 5.0%, 7.6%, 16.7%, 19.0% and 27.7%, were used for experimental investigations. Investigated briquette samples were produced by hydraulic high-pressure briquetting press Briklis, type BrikStar 30-12 with cylindrical pressing chamber of 50 mm. All investigated briquette samples were produced under the same conditions with constant adjustment of all parameters of used briquetting press. A basic physical-mechanical properties of investigated briquette samples were used as a criteria of investigations evaluation. All measured values were subjected to the statistical analysis. Final evaluation of measured values indicated that best results were achieved by briquette samples produced from feedstock material with moisture content equal to 7.6%. Evaluation of current investigation also proved that if moisture content was higher or lower, the quality of produced briquette samples decreased.

This paper focuses on the technical and practical aspects arising during the process of window production. One of the phases in the window manufacturing process is welding PVC corners. Therefore, the main subject is flexural strength of PVC welds in the context of the required quality. In the first part of the paper, the authors highlighted the factors and conditions of the welding process and their influence on the final properties. In the next part of the study attention is mainly paid to the temperature control, which is often the cause of quality problems with welding corners. The welding process was conducted with the use of three types of welding machines, i.e. single-, double- and four-head units. In each case, the welding temperature was set in the controller of the machine; at the same time, the contact temperature measurement was taken. The next step was verification of the influence of temperature on the welded PVC corners by measuring the bending force according to PN-EN 514:2002. Additionally, the authors present the DIC (Digital Image Correlation) method used to assess displacements and strains for a selected case in the process of bending PVC corners. The study provides a basis for discussion and remarks about practical advice and identification problems associated with the durability of PVC welding in industrial processes.

In the present study, an innovative method is proposed to improve the accuracy of thermal models of the grinding process. To this end, a set of orthogonal experiments are carried out to calculate heat flux using infrared temperature measurements. Then the convective heat transfer coefficient is modified based on the heat transfer and hydrodynamics theories. Finally, the modified heat flux and convective heat transfer coefficient are applied and a thermal model is established using ANSYS software. To verify the accuracy of the proposed model, a finite element grinding residual stress model based on the grinding heat and grinding force is established. By measuring the grinding residual stress and comparing it with the finite element residual stress model, the effectiveness of the grinding thermal model is indirectly verified. The obtained results demonstrate that the modified grinding thermal models are accurate and can be applied in engineering applications.

The present paper discusses important aspects of residual stress measurements in forged shafts with defects using the X-ray method. A random population of shafts was selected for the study, for which, depending on the type of rolling process, turning was performed, measuring stress changes after successive machining passes. In the forged shafts studied, the existence and location of internal defects were identified using computed tomography. The impact of internal defects on the stress distribution on the surface of the machined workpiece was observed. It was observed that the use of the X-ray method to measure residual stresses makes it possible to determine the state of stresses and their distribution, which is crucial for the safety and durability of shaft-type parts, and allows the impact of a defect on the distribution of residual stresses to be identified. On the basis of the results obtained, it was observed that there is a correlation between the occurrence of internal defects in forged shafts and the distribution of residual stresses in characteristic sections along the length of the shaft after machining

Methanol, a type of alcohol, with gasoline, a conventional fossil fuel used in internal combustion engines. This blending process is often done to create an alternative fuel that may have certain advantages over using gasoline alone. The combination of methanol and gasoline can offer benefits such as improved combustion efficiency, reduced emissions, and potentially lower overall fuel costs. Methanol has a high-octane rating, which can enhance the combustion characteristics of the fuel mixture. This can lead to more efficient and cleaner combustion in internal combustion engines. Conducting this research is essential to explore potential improvements in fuel efficiency, emission reduction, and overall system performance, which are critical for advancing sustainable energy solutions. The tests were done using a mobile generator Briggs and Stratton ProMax 3500A. The tested fuels were 10 %, 20 % and 50 % blends of methanol in gasoline. The electrical output of the generator was roughly the same for all fuels even at higher load, however consumption increased significantly. The mixtures had a negative effect on the stability of engine operation and engine emissions had a negative effect at most of the measurement points. In some cases, like the concentration of formaldehyde by weight, gasoline fuel mixtures showed a decrease in mass concentration at lower engine loads and an increase at higher loads compared to the reference fuel.

Reusing the powder across consecutive route cycles is typical in a Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process since it is more sustainable and cost-effective. The theoretical part of the paper is oriented on the explanation of the SLM method principle, construction, and parameters of the device Renishaw AM250 used for manufacturing samples made of AlSi10Mg aluminium alloy. The experimental part focuses on evaluating powders that had been used in the process for a long time with periodic ‘rejuvenation’. The main aim will be to monitor whether the samples will be affected and if they achieved the required quality of mechanical properties and compare results with virgin powder and manufacturer sheets for virgin powders. The experimental part further describes the procedures and analysis of the microstructure of the samples. AlSi10Mg aluminium alloy was chosen because of an assumption that it will be sensitive to increased oxygen content. A strong affinity for oxygen uptake exists in AlSi10Mg. Therefore, preventing the contamination, careful handling is required.

New types of process fluids is very broad. Drilling with constant feed force represents the experiment that follows different properties and effects in machining. The main aim of this scientific paper is to assess the speed of drilling holes by the drilling technology-constant feed force- with the drilling cutting tools made of uncoated high speed steel. Eleven different process fluids were compared used the during the experiment. There were compared eleven different process fluids. In the context of the thesis more process fluids from global suppliers have been tested. In the process of experiments there were used twist drills of high speed steel type HSS, ČSN 221121, ø 8 mm, without coating. Steel samples were 16MnCr5, according to EN 10084-94. During the experiment there was used drilling of holes by hand feed drill machine V 20 that was modified with the mechanical switch and there was also stopwatch. Testing of process fluids in chip machining has been going on at the Department of machining and assembly of the Technical University of Liberec for many years.

This paper presents achieved results by measuring of force load tool by turning of nickel alloy Inconel 718 with sintered carbide with progressive chip breaker designed by Pramet Tools Ltd. Company and with cutting ceramics inserts produced by Greenleaf Company. Authors deal with studying of force load which is exposed the cutting tool by conditions, when are achieved limit values in view of tool wear. In the end it is carried out a comparison of intensity of components of cutting force for these limit conditions. Very interesting is finding that by machining with worst cutting conditions the force load on insert cutting edge is smaller than by machining with best cutting parameters. This fact can be reasoned by the fact that at higher cutting conditions we are getting into the area of HSC machining for Inconel 718 and therefore the cutting forces are smaller. There is more heat produced in cutting zone. This influence undesirably sintered carbide during cutting process. Vice versa, high temperature influences positive cutting with cutting ceramics, as show simultaneously carrying experiments.

The study examines the effect of various post-processing heat treatments on the microstructural evolution and hardness of the AlSi10Mg alloy produced by selective laser melting (SLM). The alloy was examined in the as-built (AB) condition and after three heat treatment regimes: direct aging (DA, 160°C/5 h), stress relieving (SR, 300°C/2 h), and solution annealing followed by artificial aging (SA, 520°C/2 h + 170°C/4 h) to better understand the solidification and consolidation processes. A multiscale characterization using OM, SEM, EBSD, TEM, and EDS was performed to reveal the changes in specific microstructures due to additive manufacturing and different levels of heat treatment. The AB state exhibited a fine cellular network of Si within an α-Al matrix, and high hardness (approx. 138 HV1). The DA treatment preserved cellular morphology with mild coarsening, whereas SR led to partial fragmentation of the Si network and a significant drop in hardness (approx. 83 HV1). The SA condition caused recrystallization, Si spheroidization, and formation of Mg- and Fe-rich precipitates, accompanied by moderate hardness recovery (approx. 104 HV1). The persistent crystallographic texture was confirmed across all states.

Monitoring and diagnostics of cutting tools are crucial for ensuring production efficiency and product quality in the machining industry. This study uses acoustic emission (AE) to non-invasively detect damage and monitor tool condition in real time. Experiments assessed cutting inserts in a milling head, both used and new. Results showed AE effectively diagnoses tool wear, with significant differences in signals from worn and new inserts. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis determined the frequency range of signals during machining, confirming AE's usefulness. Microscope verification supported the AE findings on tool wear. This research highlights AE's potential in non-destructive diagnostics, enhancing production efficiency and product quality

To design an engine intake system that complies with FSC racing regulations while achieving enhanced operational stability, this study conducts a comprehensive review of domestic and international research advancements in racing engine intake systems. Through computational fluid dynamics simulations performed in Workbench Fluent, critical structural parameters of the restrictor valve were optimized, resulting in a 12.06% improvement in outlet mass flow rate compared to the baseline design. A three-dimensional parametric model of the racing intake system was developed using Siemens NX platform. Taking the intake plenum chamber as a representative component, this research systematically analyzes the CNC machining process for the mold of the pressure stabilization chamber. The investigation encompasses toolpath generation, cutting simulation verification, and ultimately implements the optimized NC program on machining centers for physical manufacturing. The fabricated mold exhibits high dimensional accuracy and superior surface finish, providing both theoretical guidance and practical manufacturing references for intake system development. This integrated approach combining numerical optimization with advanced manufacturing techniques demonstrates significant potential for performance enhancement in motorsport engineering applications.

This article presents particular results from a long term research focused on machining of INCONEL alloys. As a representative of this group of material INCONEL 738LC is selected and the article presents results of different experiments conducted. The behavior of material under different conditions was evaluated with focus to define cutting condition that can be recommended as suitable cutting conditions for profile milling of material. Basic problems of profile milling are exposed with focus to the respective material. Several machining experiments are explained and archived results are discussed. Effect of tool geometry and geometrical constraints and relations during profile milling is defined. Tool wear and cutting forces were measured and evaluated. The final conclusion is a recommendation for successful machining of given material.

The paper focuses on the application of machine learning techniques and optimization algorithms in predictions and controls of grinding temperature variations. The major thrust of investigation has been on how the different input conditions such as feed, depth of cut, and cooling conditions influence grinding temperatures and the effectiveness of these conditions on the control of their thermal effects. Three machine learning models: Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were then used to develop prediction models for the grinding temperature on both face and shoulder of the workpiece. Out of all the models, RF achieved a much higher R² score of 0.96 as compared to both GB and ANN, indicating its greater predictive performance. Furthermore, Bayesian optimization and genetic algorithms were employed in model optimization and grind parameters and cooling condition optimization to avoid damages caused due to temperature. MQL has been found to be highly superior to the inefficient dry cooling methods in terms of achieving lower grinding temperatures and, therefore, seems to be most suited as an eco-friendly yet practical cooling solution as based on this comparison. Altogether, these research findings indicate that AI-based techniques and traditional optimization methods can lead to much better grinding in terms of efficiency and energy consumption, as well as surface quality, and assist towards greener manufacturing altogether.

Manufacturing inaccuracies in vehicle suspension systems inevitably lead to uncertainties in the parameters of their structural components. Simultaneously, the road excitation impacting nonlinear vehicle systems exhibits pronounced randomness and time-variant characteristics. Consequently, it is crucial to conduct a stochastic dynamics analysis on nonlinear suspension systems, taking into account these uncertain factors. In this paper, a seven-degree-of-freedom (7-DOF) nonlinear suspension system dynamics model has been established. The stochastic process of road irregularities is simulated using the harmonic superposition method. Moreover, based on the direct probability density integral method, the stochastic dynamic equations of the nonlinear suspension system and their corresponding solution strategies have been developed and explored. Through MATLAB, the time-varying probability density function of the vibration response for a nonlinear vehicle suspension system was calculated under the combined effects of stochastic road irregularity excitation and random coupling of system structural parameters. Additionally, analyses were conducted on how different coefficients of variation and the intensity of nonlinearity in the suspension system influence the probability density of the output body displacement of the nonlinear vehicle suspension system. The research outcomes demonstrate that the direct probability density integral method offers superior efficiency and accuracy when computing nonlinear vehicle suspension systems. Furthermore, altering the coefficients of variation for various system parameters reveals that as these coefficients increase, the disparity in the probability density of body displacement becomes more pronounced, leading to more intense vehicle vibrations. Under soft nonlinear conditions with lower suspension spring stiffness, the probability density function of body displacement shifts slightly to the right with minimal change. However, under strong nonlinear conditions, body displacement significantly increases, resulting in diminished vibration isolation capabilities of the suspension system. This leads to severe jolts and a noticeable decline in ride comfort during vehicle operation.

In this study, the process parameters of a vertical shaft impact (VSI) crusher are optimized. Different feed size distributions, material physical properties, and product size distribution requirements are considered to determine the optimal material particle bond cleavage ratio. First, a numerical model is developed to simulate the crushing effect by adopting a CFD-DEM method. Then, the relationship between the crushing effect and the rotor speed, feed size distribution, and feed rate is revealed by analyzing the bond cleavage ratio of smaller-size distribution feed crushing to the specified particle size. The optimized working parameters of the crusher are determined under different feed size distributions. The results show that the feed size distribution of 8 mm, 20 mm, and 40 mm account for 20%, 30%, and 50% of the feed, respectively. Based on the results, it is implied that a feed rate of 120 t/h and a rotor rotational speed of 1800 r/min can be selected for crushing production. When the feed size distribution varies, this method can also be used to select a suitable feed rate and the rotor speed for crushing production. Overall, this study guides for optimizing the working parameters and improving the crushing efficiency.