Manufacturing Technology 2024, 24(1):62-72 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2024.009

Dilatometric Effects Accompanying Phase Transformations during Tempering of Spring Steels

Jakub Kotous ORCID..., Zbyšek Nový ORCID..., Petr Motyčka ORCID..., Pavel Salvetr ORCID...
COMTES FHT a. s., Prumyslova 995, 334 41 Dobrany. Czech Republic

The tempering procedure of quenched 54SiCr6 spring steel was analyzed using continuous heating dilatometry, isothermal dilatometry, metallography, and hardness measurement. The dilatometry was performed on four different steel modifications with graduated Si content and with two levels of Cu. Metallography and hardness measurement were analyzed only on samples with one Si level. Two types of tempering procedures were compared in this experimental program. The first one was sim-ple one-step tempering, the other was a special procedure of strain assisted tempering (SAT), which includes double tempering and strain applications between tempering. A dilatometry analysis with the support of metallography contributes to the material behaviour explanation, which is considerably different in both processing cases.

Keywords: Dilatometry, Strain assisted tempering, Nano-twins, Spring steel
Grants and funding:

This paper was created within the project National Centre of Competence ENGINEERING, No. TN02000018, which is co-financed from the state budget by the Technology agency of the Czech Republic under the National Centres of Competence Programme and by the European Union – NextGenerationEU within the National Recovery Plan

Received: June 6, 2023; Revised: December 19, 2023; Accepted: January 8, 2024; Prepublished online: January 8, 2024; Published: February 23, 2024  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Kotous J, Nový Z, Motyčka P, Salvetr P. Dilatometric Effects Accompanying Phase Transformations during Tempering of Spring Steels. Manufacturing Technology. 2024;24(1):62-72. doi: 10.21062/mft.2024.009.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. CHEN, K., JIANG, Z., LIU, F., YU, J., LI, Y., GONG, W. and CHEN, C. (2019). Effect of quenching and tempering temperature on microstructure and tensile properties of microalloyed ultra-high strength suspension spring steel. In: Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 766, pp. 1-11, ISSN 09215093. Go to original source...
    2. HUANG, S., LI, L., PENG, Z., XING, X., GAO, J. and WANG, B. (2021). Effect of tempering time on microstructure and properties of 65Si2CrV spring steel. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 2044, No. 1, pp. 1-7, ISSN 17426596. Go to original source...
    3. MATJEKE, V.J., MUKWEVHO, G., MALEKA, A.M. and VAN DER MERWE, J.W. (2018). Effect of heat treatment on strength and ductility of 52CrMoV4 spring steel. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 430, No. 1, pp. 1-7, ISSN 1757899X. Go to original source...
    4. JENÍČEK, Š., OPATOVÁ, K., HAJŠMAN, J., VOREL, I. (2022). Evolution of Mechanical Properties and Microstructure in Q&P Processed Unconventional Medium-Carbon Silicon Steel and Comparison between Q&P Processing, Quenching and Tempering, and Austemperingfor. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 146-155, ISSN 12132489. Go to original source...
    5. HUNKEL, M., DONG, J., EPP, J., KAISER, D., DIETRICH, S., SCHULZE, V., RAJAEI, A., HALLSTEDT, B. and BROECKMANN, C. (2020). Comparative study of the tempering behavior of different martensitic steels by means of in-situ diffractometry and dilatometry. In: Materials, Vol. 13, No. 22, pp. 1-15, ISSN 19961944. Go to original source...
    6. JUNG, M., LEE, S.J. and LEE, Y.K. (2009). Microstructural and dilatational changes during tempering and tempering kinetics in martensitic medium-carbon steel. In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 551-559, ISSN 10735623. Go to original source...
    7. JENÍČEK, Š., VRTÁČEK, J., VOREL, I., JANDA, T. (2020). Dilatometric Identification of Bainitic Trans-formation during Q-P Processing of 42SiCr Medium Carbon Steel. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 327-334, ISSN 12132489. Go to original source...
    8. BARRERA-VILLATORO, E.F., VÁZQUEZ-GÓMEZ, O., GALLEGOS-PÉREZ, A.I., VERGARA-HERNÁNDEZ, H.J., LÓPEZ-MARTÍNEZ, E. and GARNICA-GONZÁLEZ, P. (2021). Dilatometric Analysis of Tempering Kinetics in a Cr-Mo-V Medium-Carbon Steel. In: Minerals, Metals and Materials Series, Vol. 5, pp. 902-908, ISSN 23671696. Go to original source...
    9. SALVETR, P., GOKHMAN, A., NOVÝ, Z., MOTYČKA, P. and KOTOUS, J. (2021). Effect of 1.5 wt% copper addition and various contents of silicon on mechanical properties of 1.7102 medium carbon steel. In: Materials, Vol. 14, No. 18, pp. 1-19, ISSN 19961944. Go to original source...
    10. KUČEROVÁ, L., BYSTRIANSKÝ, M., JENÍČEK, Š. (2017) The Effect of Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Steel with Increased Aluminium Content. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 881-887, ISSN 12132489. Go to original source...
    11. ZHANG, W. and XU, J. (2022). Advanced lightweight materials for Automobiles: A review. In: Materials & Design, Vol. 221, No. 110994, pp. 1-20, ISSN 0264-1275. Go to original source...
    12. KOTOUS, J., SALVETR, P. and PROCHÁZKA, R. (2021). New approach to heat treatment of spring steel. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1178, No. 1, pp. 1-6, ISSN 1757-8981. Go to original source...
    13. HU, W., LI, J., LI, K., ZHANG, T. and REN, X. (2021). Improving the cycle fatigue life of spring steel by a novel thermal cycling process. In: Materials Research Express, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 1-5, ISSN 20531591. Go to original source...
    14. GUBELJAK, N., CHAPETTI, M.D., PREDAN, J. and SENČIČ, B. (2011). Variation of fatigue threshold of spring steel with prestressing. In: Procedia Engineering, Vol. 10, pp. 3339-3344, ISSN 18777058. Go to original source...
    15. ZHANG, J.M., LI, S.X., YANG, Z.G., LI, G.Y., HUI, W.J. and WENG, Y.Q. (2007). Influence of inclusion size on fatigue behavior of high strength steels in the gigacycle fatigue regime. In: International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 765-771, ISSN 01421123. Go to original source...
    16. LIU, Y.B., LI, Y.D., LI, S.X., YANG, Z.G., CHEN, S.M., HUI, W.J. and WENG, Y.Q. (2010). Prediction of the S-N curves of high-strength steels in the very high cycle fatigue regime. In: International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 32, No. 8, pp. 1351-1357, ISSN 01421123. Go to original source...
    17. BARANI, A.A. and PONGE, D. (2007). Optimized Thermomechanical Treatment for Strong and Ductile Martensitic Steels. In: Materials Science Forum, Vol. 539-543, pp. 4526-4531. Go to original source...
    18. ARDEHALI BARANI, A., PONGE, D. and RAABE, D. (2006). Refinement of grain boundary carbides in a Si-Cr spring steel by thermomechanical treatment. In: Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 426, No. 1-2, pp. 194-201, ISSN 09215093. Go to original source...
    19. NOVÝ, Z., SALVETR, P., KOTOUS, J., MOTYČKA, P., GOKHMAN, A., DONIK, Č. and DŽUGAN, J. (2022). Enhanced Spring Steel's Strength Using Strain Assisted Tempering. In: Materials, Vol. 15, No. 20, pp. 1-20, ISSN 19961944. Go to original source...
    20. PROCHÁZKA, R., STEHLÍK, A., KOTOUS, J., SALVETR, P., BUCKI, T., STRÁNSKÝ, O. and ZULIC, S. (2023). Fatigue Properties of Spring Steels after Advanced Processing. In: Materials, Vol. 16, No. 3327, pp. 1-13. Go to original source...
    21. GALINDO-NAVA, E.I. and RIVERA-DÍAZ-DEL-CASTILLO, P.E.J. (2016). Understanding the factors controlling the hardness in martensitic steels. In: Scripta Materialia, Vol. 110, pp. 96-100, ISSN 13596462. Go to original source...
    22. KRAUSS, G. (2017). Tempering of Lath Martensite in Low and Medium Carbon Steels: Assessment and Challenges. In: Steel Research International, Vol. 88, No. 10, pp. 1-18, ISSN 1869344X. Go to original source...
    23. ZHANG, P., CHEN, Y., XIAO, W., PING, D. and ZHAO, X. (2016). Twin structure of the lath marten-site in low carbon steel. In: Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 169-172, ISSN 17455391. Go to original source...
    24. LIU, T., LIANG, L., RAABE, D. and DAI, L. (2023). The martensitic transition pathway in steel. In: Journal of Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 134, pp. 244-253, ISSN 10050302. Go to original source...
    25. KELLY, P.M. and NUTTING, J. (1960). The martensite transformation in carbon steels. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 259, No. 1296, pp. 45-58, ISSN 0080-4630. Go to original source...
    26. SUN, J.J., LIU, Y.N., ZHU, Y.T., LIAN, F.L., LIU, H.J., JIANG, T., GUO, S.W., LIU, W.Q. and REN, X.B. (2017). Super-strong dislocation-structured high-carbon martensite steel. In: Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-7, ISSN 20452322. Go to original source...
    27. MAKI, T. (2012). Phase Transformations in Steels: Morphology and substructure of martensite in steels. In: Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 34-58. Go to original source...
    28. JI, Y., LIU, Z. and REN, H. (2012). Stacking fault substructure of martensite in steel. In: Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 121-126, pp. 3493-3497, ISSN 16609336. Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content