Manufacturing Technology Journal, 2019 (vol. 19), issue 2
Surface Quality after Grinding VACO 180 Tool Steel using Different Cutting Conditions
Tomas Baksa, Jindrich Farsky, Ondrej Hronek, Miroslav Zetek
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):179-183 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/266.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/179 
This paper is focused on research in the field of grinding VACO 180 tool steel. Different grinding conditions in terms of several cutting speeds and depths of cut were used for grinding tool steel with CBN grinding wheels. Two CBN grinding wheels with different grain sizes were used for several tests with the same grinding strategy. The influence of the cutting speed and depth of cut on the surface roughness was observed. The different behaviour of both grinding wheels was found during grinding in terms of achieved surface roughness. Higher grain size of the grinding wheel led to higher surface roughness, which increased with cutting speed. However,...
Material and Technological Aspects while Processing of Selected Ultra High Strength Steel
Igor Barényi, Jozef Majerík, Ján Bezecný, Michal Krbaťa, Josef Sedlák, Aleš Jaroš
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):184-189 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/267.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/184
This authors presented article deals with the size of heat affected zone (HAZ) at specific technological processes (cutting and welding techniques). Armox 500 steel was selected and used to perform all realized experiments. Even before the start of the experiments that investigated the effect of HAZ on cutting and welding, it was necessary to subject the investigated Armox 500 steel to basic experimental measurements with regard to its chemical composition, fundamental microstructure and mechanical properties. The microstructure was performed on Neophot 32 optical microscope. Chemical composition was analysed on the spectral analyzer Spectrolab Jr...
Effect of Powder Recycling in Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion of Ti-6Al-4V
Lucia Denti, Antonella Sola, Silvio Defanti, Corrado Sciancalepore, Federica Bondioli
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):190-196 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/268.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/190
Additive manufacturing (AM) has shown promise to process parts for end-use applications, however stringent requirements must be fulfilled in terms of reliability and predictability. The expensiveness of raw materials for AM, especially for metal-based Powder Bed Fusion (PBF), brings about the need for a careful recycling of powder, but the effect of powder reuse on both processing conditions and final part performance is still the focus of intensive research in the open literature. Although ASTM F2924-14 specifies the virgin-to-used powder ratio to be introduced to manufacture titanium-6aluminum-4vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) components by PBF, a deeper understanding...
Evaluation of Vibrational Properties of a Three-wheeled Vehicle in Terms of Comfort
Jan Dizo, Miroslav Blatnicky
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):197-203 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/269.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/197
Vibrational properties of road vehicile are ussually evaluated according to two criterions, i. e. in terms of comfort for passengers and in terms of drive safety and roadway load. The topic of this article is focused on evaluation of passenger's ride comfort of a three-wheeled road vehicle. From the ride comfort point of view vertical vibration is decisive. Vertical vibration is given by obtained accelerations in given position on an assessed vehicle when it is driving on a road with various surface qualities within required time intervals. In the vehicle's design phase its vibrational properties are detected and evaluated by means of simulation computations...
Change of Selected Parameters of Steel Surface after Plasma Nitriding
David Dobrocky, Zdenek Pokorny, Zbynek Studeny, Petr Dostal
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):204-208 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/270.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/204
This article deals with the evaluation of the change of selected 2D structure parameters of the grinded surfaces before and after application of plasma nitridation. Changes in parameters were analyzed on 30CrMoV9 steel samples which were ground to Ra ≈ 0.03 and then plasma nitrided in a standard nitriding atmosphere. An absolute method was used to evaluate the surfaces. Measurements were performed on a profilometer CLI 1000. The parameters comprehensively describing the surface structure were subjected by analyzes, namely the height, length, shape parameters and parameters of the material ratio. After plasma nitriding, almost all selected surface...
Quality Parameters of 3D Print Products by the DMLS Method
Karel Dvorak, Lucie Zarybnicka, Jana Dvorakova
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):209-215 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/271.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/209
Additive technologies are a dynamically evolving category of manufacturing methods for a wide range of industries, particularly engineering and related fields. Compared to traditional technologies based on chip machining, molding and casting, they offer new production options, particularly for complex shape components. At the same time, however, there are differences and limits that must be taken into account when designing functional machine parts. The important quality parameters of the products are in particular the dimensions and the quality of the surface. These factors are of fundamental importance for the subsequent assembly and function of...
The Improved Hatch Cover Construction for Universal Open Box-type Wagon from the Strength and Durability Point of View
Oleksij Fomin, Juraj Gerlici, Alyona Lovska, Mykola Gorbunov, Kateryna Kravchenko, Pavlo Prokopenko, Vladimir Hauser
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):216-221 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/272.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/216
Dynamic load of the improved hatch cover construction for universal open-box type wagon is researched, taking in to account the worse loading scheme - impact of 150 kg cargo from height of 3000 mm. In the case of improved hatch cover construction, dynamic load character reduction up to 50% can be reached, compare to conventional one. Hatch cover model of proposed construction for strength calculation was created. Strength calculation is done by finite-elements method in Cosmos Works software. Calculation of hatch cower durability, considering symmetrical and asymmetrical load cycle are carried out. In the proposed construction, areas with maximum equivalent...
Study of Sintering Parameters and Sintering Additives Effect on selected properties of Silicon Nitride
Zuzana Gábrišová, Alena Brusilová, Pavol Švec
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):222-227 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/273.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/222
The subject of this article is the study of influence of sintering time and sintering additives on mechanical properties and wear resistance. Si3N4 with Al2O3+Y2O3 additives (YAG) and Si3N4 with MgO additives was used as an experimental materials. Compositions sintered for 30 min achieved optimal combination the hardness and fracture toughness - 15.05 GPa and 6.87 MPa.m1/2 for Si3N4-MgO and 14.65 GPa and 5.71 MPa.m1/2 for Si3N4 -YAG. Wear was mostly influenced by the hardness of ceramic materials. The specimen with the highest hardness achieved the highest wear resistance. Wear resistance of ceramics decreased with the grain growth and with the transformation...
Uniaxial Tensile Load of Lattice Structures Produced by Metal Additive Manufacturing
Pavel Hanzl, Ivana Zetková, Milan Daňa
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):228-231 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/274.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/228
Lightweight constructions are in demand for applications which require low weight accompanied by rigidity. From this perspective, lattice structures are an interesting design solution in conjunction with additive manufacturing technology. This study addresses promising lattice topologies. A range of metallic lattice structures was produced using Direct Metal Laser Sintering technology and the samples were exposed to uniaxial tensile load. During the tensile tests crack initiations and locations of the breaks were observed. The results clarify the weaknesses of the cellular lattices and reveal their maximum tensile load. First steps have been taken...
Production Process Planning in Additive Manufacturing and Conventional Machining Technology Manufacturing System
Tomas Kellner, Jiri Kyncl, Zdenek Pitrmuc, Libor Beranek, Michal Kanak, Martin Kyncl
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):232-237 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/275.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/232
Main goal of this study is to describe and design manufacturing system which is using Additive manufacturing technology for production of semi-finished products and conventional machining technology for finishing operations, then demonstrate requirements of such production on simulation model on production planning and then analyze and summarize the outputs of the production model. The model is made with aid of modern Digital Factory tools. The main purpose of the model is to provide a complex tool for this study in order to analyze and optimize the fictive production system in needed range and complexity. The topic of Rapid Prototyping and Additive...
Mechanical and Tribological Features of the 90MnCrV8 Steel after Plasma Nitriding
Michal Krbaťa, Jozef Majerík, Igor Barényi, Ivana Mikušová, David Kusmič
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):238-242 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/276.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/238
The paper deals with the change in mechanical properties and wear of 90MnCrV8 universal tool steel after plasma nitriding, which is widely used to produce cutting tools with good durability and low operating costs. Plasma nitriding was performed at a temperature of 500 °C for 10 hour period in a standard N2 /H2 atmosphere with 1:3 gases ratio. Microstructure, phase structure, thickness of a nitriding layer and surface roughness of samples were measured with optical microscopes and a profilemeter. Verification of a chemical composition was carried out on the BAS TASMAN Q4 device. Wear resistance was measured on a universal TRIBOLAB UTM 3 tribometer,...
Microstructure Analysis and Mechanical Properties of Low Alloyed Steel with Retained Austenite Obtained by Heat Treatment
Ludmila Kučerová, Andrea Jandová, Kateřina Rubešová
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):243-247 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/277.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/243
Four different heating temperatures in the range of 770 °C - 950 °C were used for laboratory heat treatment of low carbon low alloyed steel. Chemical composition of the steel was based on the most common TRIP steel concept, only the silicon content was lowered to 0.6% and it was partially replaced by 1.4 % of aluminium. The steel was further micro-alloyed by niobium. Two different ways of cooling were applied to the samples. The first set was cooled to 425 °C in a salt bath with the temperature of 200 °C, the second set was cooled to 425 °C in a salt bath heated to the temperature of 400 °C. In this way, two distinctive cooling rates were achieved...
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Dynamic Properties of Wound and Wrapped Carbon Composites
Petr Kulhavý, Vitezslav Fliegel
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):248-253 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/278.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/248
In the presented work, static and dynamic properties of two, theoretically identical composite rods were studied. Those two kinds of rod were made of pre-impregnated fibers so called "prepregs". The first of them was made by means of wrapping technology, which is simply just helical layering of one wide tape around a rotating mandrel. The weakness of this method is possible using only for straight parts. That is why a simultaneous deposition of several thinner filaments in a form of tape called winding was used in order to optimize this technology also for curved parts with various cross-sections.The target of this work was to compile numerical...
The Change of Tool Life in a Wide Range of Cutting Speeds in Hard Turning
János Kundrák, Zoltán Pálmai
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):254-260 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/279.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/254
Tool life changes according to a curve presenting two extreme values depending on the cutting speed. Besides the well-known Taylor formula, several other functions describe tool life, mainly for the 3rd speed range beginning with a tool-life maximum. In earlier studies the authors suggested a tool-life function valid for the whole speed range. Here the machinability of hardened steel is being investigated in a wide range of cutting speeds. The intention of this study is to work out a method for the physical interpretation of tool degradation defining the tool life. For this purpose the nonlinear differential equation of wear rate is applied. During...
Study on the Layering of the Main Shaft of the Friction and Wear Testing Machine for Slipper Pair Based on CFRP
Hu Lai, Huaichao Wu, Yeo Kiam Beng, Ding Ning, Siliang Li
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):261-266 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/280.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/261
Aiming to reveal the friction and wear performance of slipper pair, a high-precision slipper pair friction and wear testing machine must be used. Aiming at the material of the main shaft of the transmission system of MCMS-10 slipper pair friction and wear tester, a research on the main shaft material of the transmission system of the tester by CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) is presented. Mainly for the theoretical analysis of the mechanical properties of CFRP, establish a mathematical model, and use the ANSYS Workbench module to the transmission system modal and static analysis. Simultaneously, CFRP is applied to the test machine spindle whether...
Dynamics Modeling and Modal Analysis of Machine Tool Considering Joints Parameters
Yongyi Liao, Baiyu Liao
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):267-272 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/281.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/267
Based on analysis of joint dynamic characteristics to obtain dynamic values of combined surface incorporating joint dynamic data, a method for dynamics modeling of machine tool considering joint dynamic characteristics is developed and analyzed. The machine tool is simplified and modeled by selecting the motion coordinates of each component in accordance with the structure characteristics and the vibration displacement for each component in exciting test. According to the way and condition of the joints, the equivalent dynamic parameters of each joint are determined by applying the general joint surface dynamic data. Calculation methods of dynamic...
Optimization of the Runner Numerical Design Dimensions using the Simulation Program
Jan Majernik, Stefan Gaspar, Martin Podaril, Jan Kolinsky
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):273-279 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/282.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/273
The proper design of the gating system including the tempering and venting of the mold significantly influences the final quality of the casting and economize the costs of the foundries. The initial numerical design of the gating system is often sufficient for creating of the documentation for the mold design, but without the practical experience of the designer, it does not reveal the hidden problem emerging from the melt flow through the gating system as well as the temperature and gas mode of the mold.The contribution is dedicated to the optimization of the runner dimensions determined by the numerical calculation. The theoretical part presents...
Verification of Material Composition and Manufacturing Process of Carbon Fibre Wheel
Lukáš Maňas, Soňa Rusnáková, Jakub Javořík, Milan Žaludek, Ladislav Fojtl
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):280-283 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/283.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/280
Presented research paper is focused on the development of carbon fibre wheel. Considering development and construction of wheels for the automotive and motorcycle industry, low weight is one of the most significant factors. In the case of rotating components, the imbalance of the assembly is a problem. This fact affects handling of the vehicle or wheel behavior under the load, for example in the point of turning, acceleration or drive on damaged road. Determination of the most appropriate material composition (sequence) is primarily the main problem of composite material application. Correct design of material composition and also lay-up diagram is...
The Impact of Changes in InFeed Rate on Surface Integrity after Chrome Plate Grinding by Silicon Carbide
Martin Marek, Martin Novák, Karel Šramhauser
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):284-291 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/284.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/284
Grinding is a significant and very commonly used technology, allowing for important gains in surface integrity. The surface integrity quality after grinding is one of the most important parameters, which is prescribed on the production drawing. Chrome plating as protection against corrosion, erosion, abrasion and as a material for the overhaul of worn-out parts is used. This paper discusses the change of cutting conditions when samples were ground. The surface of all samples was preserved with galvanically applied chrome. The values show which grade of surface roughness is attained when selecting different cutting conditions. The results of surface...
Influence of Bainite Fraction on Improving Mechanical Properties of Quenched and Tempered High Silicon Steel
Kateřina Opatová, Ivan Vorel, Štepán Jeníček, Michal Peković
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):292-296 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/285.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/292
Martensitic steels are characterized by high strength which, on the other hand, is offset by considerable brittleness. This drawback can be partly corrected by tempering, at the cost of reduced final strength. If steel is alloyed with a sufficient amount of silicon, an optimum heat treatment sequence can produce a mixed microstructure consisting of martensite and carbide-free bainite. In various microstructures of this composition with identical grain size, mechanical properties would be dictated predominantly by the fraction of bainite. This article deals with designing a heat treatment sequence for a low-alloy steel. It is part of a research into...
Increase of the Overturning Immunity of an Electric Tricycle
Alfred Pavlik, Jan Dizo, Pavol Kurcik, Miroslav Blatnicky, Peter Strazovec
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):297-302 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/286.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/297
The main topic of this paper is the presentation of the keynote of implementation of the newly designed steering mechanism for a tricycle with the electric powertrain with two wheels on the rear axle. On the present, three-wheeled road vehicles with two wheels on the rear axle are wholly dependent on the standard steering mechanism, which main task is the rotation of a front wheel about the steering axis in order to ensure the change of direction in curves. These vehicles are characterised by the relatively poor overturning immunity in a curve. Therefore, in our workplace the new steering mechanism was developed, which is intended to be mounted just...
Function Evaluation of Common and Proposed Friction Shock Absorbers for Open Box Wagon 12-7019 KRVZ
Olga Potapenko, Nikolay Gorbunov, Valentin Mogyla, Yuriy Shcherbina, Vladimir Hauser
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):303-307 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/287.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/303
This paper deals with the research of common and the proposed wedge type shock absorbers for bogie used by 12-7019 KRVZ open box type cargo wagon. Results of elements stress-deformation state caused by static load analysis performed by computer simulation are presented. Diagram of elements displacements, spring group compression dependence on vertical load, equivalent stresses of suspension system elements, proportional load distribution diagram and diagram of energy absorption by friction damper were obtained. The influence of spring group construction to the cargo wagon dynamics when running at speeds up 10 to 200 km/h was investigated. Advisability...
Analysis of Fractured Weldment of Hadfield Steel
Vojtěch Průcha, Antonín Kříž, Ondřej Žďánský, Milan Vnouček
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):308-313 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/288.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/308
This contribution is divided into two sections. The first one deals with identifying the cause of fracture in a ring, which fractured after weld surfacing. Optical and scanning electron microscopy and hardness testing were employed. Chemical composition was determined using the GDOES and EDX methods. Although weld surfacing has led to fracture in the base material, the actual problem was in the inadequate microstructure of the base material. Microscopic analysis revealed that it was heterogeneous. It contained distinctive segregation bands with bands of complex carbides and pearlite colonies, which are undesirable. The microstructure of this steel...
Prediction of the Stamped Part Thinning Depending on Its Geometry and Blank Material
Jan Řiháček, Kamil Podaný, František Faltýnek
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):314-320 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/289.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/314
The paper deals with a design of new dimple geometry with a view to minimizing its thinning. In this case, three types of blank materials were analyzed, i.e. ferritic steel X2CrCuTi18, austenitic steel X5CrNi18-10 and austenitic steel X5CrNi18-10 with additional heat treatment. Thinning analysis for different dimple geometry and blank material is performed with a numerical simulation using finite element method in ANSYS software. To verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation, a practical stamping of the part with initial design and comparison between resulting thinning values, which is determined by ANSYS software and experimental microscopic...
FEM Model of Structure for Weightlifting in CrossFit in Terms of Material Parameters
Josef Soukup, Jan Krmela, Vladimíra Krmelová, Blanka Skočilasová, Artem Artyukhov
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):321-326 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/290.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/321
The paper deals with problem of construction for Weightlifting in CrossFit from point of view of material parameters. The specific structure has to withstand repeated impact loads. Therefore it is also necessary to deal with stress-strain states. Because of behavior of impact loading and elastomers used in FEM computational model, explicit integration scheme and material constitutive models have to be included. To use constitutive models, material parameters have to be well known. In this paper, the 2-parameter Mooney-Rivlin model is used. That is the reason, why this article is focused on obtaining material parameters of elastomers for FEM computational...
Polymer Flow Influenced by Mold Cavity Surface Roughness
Michal Stanek, Miroslav Manas, Martin Ovsik, Martin Reznicek, Vojtech Senkerik, Vaclav Janostik
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):327-331 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/291.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/327
Polymer injection molding is the most used technology of polymer processing nowadays. It enables the manufacture of final products, which do not require any further operations. Working of shaping cavities is the major problem involving not only the cavity of the mold itself, giving the shape and dimensions of the future product, but also the flow pathway (runners) leading the polymer melt to the separate cavities. This paper shows the influence of cavity surface roughness, polymer material (with different flow properties) and technological parameters on the flow length of polymers into mold cavity. Application of the measured results may have significant...
Advanced CAD/CAM Techniques for 5-Axis Machining of Free-Form Surfaces
Nguyen Van Tuong
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):332-336 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/292.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/332
This paper presents some advanced techniques on CAD modelling and CAM programming for 5-axis machining of free-form surfaces. In the CAD stage, based on surface partitioning, the design surface can be created with separate regions such as convex, concave and saddle. Point-based techniques are used to create the original surface and the boundary curves of the regions. Some other CAD/CAM techniques for determining tool sizes and tool orientations are also proposed to generate gouge-free tool paths for each region. A simple B-spline surface was given as an example to demonstrate the proposed techniques implemented in Creo Parametric. The points on the...
Investigation on the Effects of Exchanged Power and Electrode Properties on Micro EDM Drilling of Stainless Steel
Gianluca D'Urso, Chiara Ravasio
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):337-344 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/293.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/337
Aim of this research is to study how the exchanged power and the electrode material and diameter affect the performance of micro EDM drilling of stainless steel. Copper and tungsten carbide electrodes, with two different diameters, were taken into account. Different values of the exchanged power were obtained by varying the main electrical parameters, namely peak current, voltage and energy level. A dedicated acquisition system for the measurement of effective electrical parameters during the drilling process was implemented. The considered process parameters and the electrode properties, in terms of both material and diameter, resulted to have influence...
Research on 3D Reconstruction Technology of Tool Wear Area
Maohua Xiao, Zhenmin Sun, Xiaojie Shen, Liping Shi, Jing Zhang
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):345-349 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/294.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/345
The operators' poor adaptability on photos and difficulties of removing background point and noise point and other problems make the conventional focusing synthesis techniques difficult to get better application and promotion in the field of three-dimensional reconstruction. In this paper, a modified Laplacian operator was used as an evaluation basis to select focus points and the theory of three-dimensional reconstruction was discussed from the perspectives of image multilayer composite algorithm and height interpolation. To solve the problem of removing noise point and background point, a double threshold selection technique was proposed, which greatly...
Vibration Diagnostics of CNC Machining Center Spindle
Jozef Žarnovský, Ivan Kováč, Rastislav Mikuš, Jiři Fries, Matúš Mošať
Manufacturing Technology 2019, 19(2):350-356 | DOI: 10.21062/ujep/295.2019/a/1213-2489/MT/19/2/350
The principle of vibrodiagnostics lies in the appropriate measuring and analysis of mechanical vibrations of machinery and constructions in industrial and laboratory environment.The aim of this paper is to perform diagnostic measurements on the most essential parts (spindles) of machinery devices Semico VCM 1000. Measurements were carried out by means of portable vibrodiagnostic measuring device Adash A4900 vibrio M. Vibrodiagnostic itself was realized as a walk-monitoring of machinery state according to corresponding technical standard ISO 10816-3:2009, and of limit values, which took place at regular intervals in the selected organization.